1. Diseases and disorders
Urinary system
Diseases and disorders

2. cystitis Inflammation of the bladder
Cause=pathogens entering the urinary meatus
More common in females due to short urethra
Symptoms=frequent urination, hematuria, lower back pain, bladder spasm, fever
Treatment=antibiotics, increase fluid intake

3. glomerulonephritis AKA nephritis Inflammation of the glomerulus
Can be acute or chronic

4. Acute glomerulonephritis
Usually follows a streptococcal infection like strep throat, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever
Symptoms=chills, fever, fatigue, edema, oliguria, hematuria, albuminuria

5. Acute glomerulonephritis
Treatment=rest, salt restriction, maintain fluid & electrolyte balance, antipyretics, diuretics, antibiotics
With treatment, kidney function is usually restored, & prognosis is good

6. chronic glomerulonephritis
Repeated cases of acute nephritis can cause chronic nephritis
Progressive, causes scarring & sclerosing of glomeruli
Early symptoms=hematuria, albuminuria, htn
With disease progression more glomeruli are destroyed

7. chronic glomerulonephritis
Later symptoms=edema, fatigue, anemia, htn, anorexia, weight loss, chf, pyuria, renal failure, death
Treatment=low Na diet, antihypertensive meds, maintain fluids & electrolytes, hemodialysis, kidney transplant when both kidneys are severely damaged

8. pyelonephritis Inflammation of the kidney & renal pelvis
Cause=pyogenic (pus-forming) bacteria
Symptoms=chills, fever, back pain, fatigue, dysuria, hematuria, pyuria
Treatment=antibiotics, increase fluid intake

9. Renal calculus Aka urinary calculus or kidney stone
Cause=salts in the urine precipitate (form a solid)
Small calculi pass in the urine
Larger calculi get stuck in the renal pelvis or ureter

10. Renal calculus
Symptoms=sudden, intense pain (renal colic), hematuria, nausea & vomiting, frequent urge to void, urinary retention
Treatment=increase fluids, pain meds, strain all urine to see if stones are being eliminated

11. Renal calculus Treatment=extra-corporeal shock-wave lithotripsy
Lithotripsy=high-energy pressure waves crush the stones so they can be passed in the urine
Surgery can be done to remove the calculi

12. Renal failure Kidneys stop functioning
Can be acute (ARF) or chronic (CRF)

13. Acute Renal failure
Caused by hemorrhage, shock, injury, poisoning, nephritis, dehydration
Symptoms=oliguria or anuria, headache, ammonia odor to breath, edema, cardiac arrhythmia, uremia

14. Acute Renal failure Treatment=dialysis, restrict fluid intake,
Good prognosis if condition causing arf can be corrected

15. Chronic Renal failure Results from progressive loss of kidney function
Waste products accumulate in the blood & affect many body systems

16. Chronic Renal failure
Caused by chronic glomerulonephritis, htn, toxins, diabetes, long-term substance abuse, alcoholism

17. Chronic Renal failure
Symptoms=nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, decreased mental ability, convulsions, muscle irritability, ammonia odor to breath, uremic frost (white crystals on the skin), coma, death

18. Chronic Renal failure
Treatment=dialysis, diet & fluid restrictions, skin &mouth care
Kidney transplant is the only cure

19. uremia
Aka azotemia
Toxic condition that Occurs when kidneys fail & waste products are present in the bloodstream
Causes=any condition that affects kidney function (renal failure, chronic glomerulonephritis, hypotension)

20. uremia
Symptoms=headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, ammonia odor to breath, oliguria, anuria, mental confusion, convulsions, coma, eventually death
Treatment=restricted diet, cardiac meds to increase bp, dialysis, kidney transplant

21. urethritis Inflammation of the urethra
Causes=bacteria (gonococcus), virus, chemicals (bubble bath)
More common in males than females

22. urethritis
Symptoms=dysuria, redness & itching at urinary meatus, purulent discharge
Treatment=sitz baths; warm, moist compresses; antibiotics; increase fluid intake