1. POPULATION GROWTH

2. What is a population? A group of organism of the same species living in the same habitat at the same time where they can freely interbreed

3. How can populations change? Natality Mortality Immigration Emigration

4. Natality Increases population size Each species will have its own maximum birth rate Maximum birth rates are seen when conditions are ideal This can lead to exponential growth

5. Mortality Mortality reduces population growth It operates more when conditions are not ideal Overcrowding leading to competition, spread of infectious disease

6. Immigration It increase population growth It operates when populations are not completely isolated

7. Emigration It decrease population growth It operates when populations are not completely isolated

8. Interactions Population growth = (Natality + Immigration) - (Mortality + Emigration)

9. Population growth K Numbers Time 1 2 3

10. Phases of population growth Phase 1: Log or exponential phase Unlimited population growth The intrinsic rate of increase (r) Abundant food, no disease, no predators etc Phase 2: Decline or transitional phase Limiting factors slowing population growth

11. Phase 3 Plateau or stationary phase No growth The limiting factors balance the population’s capacity to increase The population reaches the Carrying Capacity (K) of the environment Added limiting factors will lower K Removing a limiting factor will raise K

12. Factors affecting the carrying capacity Food supply Infectious disease/parasites Competition Predation Nesting sites

13. Modelling population growth, the maths Population growth follows the numbers of individuals in a population through time. The models try to trace what will happen little by little as time passes by A small change in time is given by ∆t This is usually reduced to dt Time may be measured in regular units such as years or even days or it may be measured in units such as generations A small change in numbers is given by ∆N This is usually reduced to dN A change in numbers as time passes by is given by: dN/dt

14. Exponential growth Time Numbers

15. Exponential growth The J-shaped curve This is an example of positive feedback 1 pair of elephants could produce 19 million elephants in 700 years

16. Modelling the curve dN/dt= rN r is the intrinsic rate of increase Example if a population increases by 4% per year dN/dt= 0.04N

17. Real examples of exponential growth Pest species show exponential growth humans provide them with a perfect environment Alien species When a new species is introduced accidentally or deliberately into a new environment It has no natural predators or diseases to keep it under control

18. © 2010 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

19. European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) Between 1890 and 1891, 160 of these birds were released in Central Park New York. By 1942 they had spread as far as California. An estimate population of between 140 and 200 million starlings now exist in North America One of the commonest species of bird on Earth © 2010 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS Image Credit: http://www.columbia.edu/http://www.columbia.edu/

20. European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) Current distribution CJKrebs (1978) Ecology

21. The Colorado Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) A potato pest from North America It spread quickly through Europe © P Billiet

22. The Colorado Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) Begon, Townsend & Harper (1990) Ecology

23. r-strategists boom and bust! Maximum reproductive potential when the opportunity arrives Periodic population explosions Pests and pathogens (disease causing organisms) are often r-species

24. The Carrying Capacity Darwin observed that a population never continues to grow exponentially for ever There is a resistance from the environment The food supply nesting sites decrease Competition increases Predators and pathogens increase This resistance results from negative feedback

25. K Time Numbers

26. The Carrying Capacity This too can be modelled It needs a component in it that will slow down the population growth as it reaches a certain point, the carrying capacity of the environment (K) The equation is called the logistic equation dN/dt = rN[(K-N)/N] When N<K then dN/dt will be positive the population will increase in size When N=K then dN/dt will be zero the population growth will stop Should N>K then dN/dt will become negative the population will decrease © aul Billiet ODWSODWS

27. K-strategists long term investment These species are good competitors They are adapted to environments where all the niches are filled They have long life spans Lower reproductive rates but … High degree of parental care thus … Low infant mortality K-strategist flowering plants produce fewer seeds with a large amount of food reserve