2. agribusiness: agribusiness: an industrialized, corporate form of agriculture controlled by a small number of large corporations A. Production Controls: 1. laws of supply & demand 2. production costs: fuel, fertilizer, labor, transport 3. vertical integration: primary, secondary, tertiary

3. Examples:  broiler chickens of specified age & weight  cattle fed to exact weight  wheat with a minimum protein content  popping corn with certain features  French fry potatoes for fast food chains like McDonald’s Fewer farms, larger farms, more inputs, & more output

4. 1. Contract farming: farmer agrees to grow to spec, buyer pays and provides advice/support. 2. Agribusinesses often from core countries 3. The largest companies are U.S. companies - ConAgra, Delmonte, Green Giant Three US firms - control 61% of the global banana trade

12.  Can be helpful to small foreign farmers: ▪ advice ▪ seeds ▪ fertilizers ▪ machinery ▪ profit  Harmful? Deforestation

14. "Once, many companies owned silos in Paraquay," says Angelica Ramirez. "Now they are all Cargill."

15. 1. Type of intensive farming away from city centers “Mediterranean” agriculture 2.“Mediterranean” agriculture: - grapes, olives, oranges, figs, some vegetables - California, Chile, and…the Mediterranean! “Plantation” crops 3.“Plantation” crops: usually coastal - a foreign crop, foreign money, foreign workers  Tea (India/Sri Lanka),  Rubber (Malaysia/Indonesia): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CKq42J7SaWw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CKq42J7SaWw  Cacao (Ghana/Nigeria)  Cane sugar (the Caribbean/Brazil/Mexico)  Coffee (Brazil/Colombia): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DYsWECLaakI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DYsWECLaakI  Bananas (Central America)

16. 1. post-WW II mass production: heavy machinery, chemicals, irrigation “truck farms” 2.“truck farms” for highly perishable items “livestock-grain farming”: 3.“livestock-grain farming”: 75% of W. Europe & U.S. crops feed livestock!

17. 1. cheaper land, larger farms, distance from city? 2. wheat farming: “spring” harvest: mid-West & Canada “winter” harvest: S. America, C. Asia, Australia  Wheat farming: #1 extensively farmed crop!  20% of all calories consumed by people

18. “von Thünen’s Rings”: 1. concentric land use rings around urban centers 2. as distance from market increases, land value decreases 3. perishable crops closest to city 4. higher the transport cost: lower the rent