1. The Endocrine System Chemical Communication Main Function:
It releases hormones (chemical messengers) into the blood to signal other cells (target cells) to behave in certain ways.
It is a slow but widespread form of communication.

4. The Endocrine System Consists of:
Endocrine glands- Release hormones into the bloodstream.
Hormones- are chemicals released in one part of the body that travel through the bloodstream and affect the activities of cells in other parts of the body.

5. Interaction of Glands The hypothalamus is located in the brain
releases hormones from the pituitary gland.
important link between the endocrine and nervous systems.

6. Interaction of Glands
The brain and glands work together to maintain homeostasis through a process called negative and positive feedback mechanisms.

7. Endocrine System
Pituitary Gland
Add hypothalmus

8. Pituitary Gland Robert Wadlow
Function: It secretes nine hormones that control all other endocrine glands.
-produces human growth hormone
- Disorders: Too much growth hormone can result in a condition called gigantism.
Robert
Wadlow

9. Endocrine System
Thyroid Gland
Pituitary Gland
Parathyroid Gland

10. Thyroid Gland Hormone: Thyroxin
Function: helps regulate the body’s metabolism.
Disorders:
Hyperthyroidism-too much thyroxin; fast metabolism
Hypothyroidism- too little thyroxin; slow metabolism
Goiter-lack of iodine in diet, no thyroxin secretion, enlargement of thyroid gland

11. Endocrine System Thyroid Gland Pituitary Gland Parathyroid Gland
Adrenal Glands

12. Adrenal Gland Functions:
-The adrenal glands release Adrenaline in the body that helps prepare for and deal with stress.
-Fight or Flight

13. Endocrine System Thyroid Gland Pituitary Gland Parathyroid Gland
Ovaries
Adrenal Glands

14. Ovaries
Functions:
Pair of reproductive organs found in women that produce eggs.
Also secrete estrogen and progesterone, which control ovulation and menstruation.

15. Endocrine System Pineal Gland Thyroid Gland Pituitary Gland
Parathyroid Gland
Ovaries
Thymus
Adrenal Glands
Testes

16. Testes Functions: Pair of reproductive glands that produces sperm.
Also secrete Testosterone to give the body its masculine characteristics.

17. Endocrine System Pineal Gland Thyroid Gland Pituitary Gland Pancreas
Parathyroid Gland
Ovaries
Thymus
Adrenal Glands
Testes

18. Pancreas [Islets of Langerhans] Insulin:
Reduces levels of glucose in the blood
conversion of glucose to glycogen
promoting glucose absorption and use
by body cells
Glucagon:
Increases levels of glucose in the blood
causes liver to convert glycogen to glucose

19. Negative Feedback
Is a type of self-regulation associated with endocrine regulation
Functions like a thermostat. Only activated when there is a need. Shuts off once that need has been met.
Way to maintain balance, trying to maintain 55 mph
Homeostasis

20. Glucose
                                                                                                                                                                                                          
Glucose

21. Glycogen
If there is too much glucose in the blood, insulin converts some of it to glycogen
Insulin
Glucose in the blood

22. Glycogen
If there is not enough glucose in the blood, glucagon converts some glycogen into glucose.
Glucagon
Glucose in the blood

23. Glucose levels rise after a meal.
Insulin is produced and glucose levels fall to normal again.
Glucose
Concentration
Normal
Time
Meal eaten

24. Failure of Homeostasis:
[Islets of Langerhans]
Diabetes:
Islets of Langerhans don’t make enough insulin
Glucose in blood can’t be stored as glycogen
Blood levels of glucose INCREASE

25. Insulin The glucose in the blood increases.
Glycogen
The glucose in the blood increases.
But there is no insulin to convert it into glycogen.
Glucose concentration rises to dangerous levels.
Insulin
Glucose in the blood

26. Meal eaten Glucose levels rise after a meal. Diabetic
Concentration
Diabetic
Insulin is not produced so glucose levels stay high
Time
Meal eaten

27. Positive Feedback Enhances an existing response
Hormones involved in Child birth
Way to maintain balance, trying to maintain 55 mph

28. Interaction of Glands
The feedback the brain gets is from the information it collects as the hypothalamus monitors the bloodstream.
Using this information, the brain knows what hormones to start and stop releasing.

29. Regents Practice
#1 Which substances play an important role in communication between cells in a multicellular organism by acting as
(1) fats (3) minerals
(2) antibiotics (4) hormones
chemical messengers?

30. Regents Practice
#2 The maintenance of in the body is most directly related to
(1) cellular communication
(2) cycling of energy
(3) aging of the organism
(4) recombination of chromosomes
homeostasis

31. Regents Practice
#3 Which process is most directly responsible for maintaining internal stability in an organism when its environment is constantly changing?
(1) digestion (3) reproduction
(2) feedback (4) evolution

32. The Nervous System
Electrical
Communication

33. Main Function: The Nervous System
This communication system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli.
Our nervous system allows us to feel pain.

34. Consists of: brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs
The Nervous System
Consists of: brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs
Sense Organs: Eyes, Skin, Ears, Nose & Tongue

35. The Nerve
A nerve is an organ containing a bundle of nerve cells called neurons.
Neurons carry electrical messages called impulses throughout the body.
Picture shows hundreds of severed neuron axons

36. Impulse in a Neuron TYPICAL MOTOR NEURON dendrite muscle tissue Axon
synapse
cell body
cell
body

37. Parts of a Neuron
Cell body: contains nucleus & most of the cytoplasm
Dendrites: projections that bring impulses into the neuron to the cell body.
Axon: long projection that carries impulses away from cell body
Terminal Branch: transmit impulses to other neurons. 1 3 2
travels dendrite towards axon 4

38. Sensory Neuron Interneuron Motor Neuron Types of Neurons Interneuron
Synapse
Synapse
Motor Neuron
Interneuron
Synapse
Muscle Contracts
Motor Neuron
Sensory Neuron

39. Where can the largest cells in the world be found?
Sensory Neuron
carry impulses from sense organs to spinal cord & brain
Fun Fact:
Where can the largest cells in the world be found?
The giraffe’s sensory and motor neurons! Some must bring impulses from the bottom of their legs to their spinal cord several meters away!!

40. Interneuron processes impulses in brain and spinal cord
- connect sensory and motor neurons

41. Motor Neurons
carry impulses from the brain & spinal cord to muscles & glands
Axon End
Axons branching out to muscle fibers

42. Types of Neurons Sensory Neurons Carry impulses from sense receptors
towards brain and spinal cord B SR
Motor Neurons
Carry impulses from brain and spinal
cord to muscles and glands
What are receptors/effectors?
Sensory organs: eyes, ears, nose, skin, tongue
Effectors: muscles, glands---whatever needs to do an action for response B
M/G
Interneurons
Carry impulses within the brain and
spinal cord

43. Synapse (gap) Neurotransmitters
Because neurons never touch, chemical signalers called neurotransmitters must travel through the space called synapse between two neurons.
Neurotransmitters
(pink
spheres)
The message is transferred when RECEPTORS receive neurotrans-mitters.
Synapse (gap)

44. Communication with Neurons
Nerves work together with muscles for movement. An impulse begins when one neuron is stimulated by another neuron or by the sense organs.
The impulse travels down the axons of Sensory neurons to the brain cells called Interneurons.
The brain will then send an impulse through motor neurons to the necessary muscle or organs, telling it to contract.

45. Regents Practice The arrows in Figure X show—
A. Movement of a stimulus in a cyton
B. Transport of oxygen in a nerve
C. Transfer of an impulse from one neuron to another neuron
D. Response of an effector to a stimulus
Figure X
What is this diagram showing?
Movement of message along nerves
Correct answer: C

46. Reflexes protect the body before the brain knows what is going on.
A reflex is an involuntary response that is processed in the spinal cord not the brain.
Reflexes protect the body before the brain knows what is going on.
Reflex Arc

47. Reflex Arc Reflex Arc S P I N Path reflex impulse travels A LO R D
Path reflex impulse travels
Sense Receptor
Sensory
Neuron
U-turn neuron in spine: interneuron
Motor
Neuron
Muscle/Gland

48. Human Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System
[CNS]
[PNS]
Brain & Spinal Cord
Nerves branching from the
brain and spinal cord

49. Central Nervous System
Consists of: Brain and Spinal Cord
brain
Spinal Cord
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Medulla Oblongata

50. Cerebrum Cerebellum Medulla Oblongata (Brain Stem) Spinal Cord
Central Nervous System
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata
(Brain Stem)
Spinal Cord
Voluntary or conscious activities of the body-learning, judgment
Coordinates and balances the actions of the muscles
Controls involuntary actions like blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and swallowing
The main communications link between the brain and the rest of the body

51. Consists of: Sensory division and Motor division
Peripheral Nervous System
Consists of: Sensory division and Motor division
-includes all sensory neurons, motor neurons, and sense organs

52. Subdivisions of PNS Somatic Nervous System: voluntary control
responsible for conscious body movement
Autonomic Nervous System:
no voluntary control
serve internal organs
involved with: heart rate
blood flow
breathing movements
digestive system
gland secretions

53. Sympathetic: “fight or flight” speed up body functions
Autonomic Nervous System:
Sympathetic: “fight or flight”
speed up body functions
Parasympathetic:
slow down body functions
Sympathetic: speed up heart/breathing, liver:glycogen to glucose, adrenaline released
Para: calms body, decrease heart/breathing, enhance digestion

54. Concept Map The Nervous System is divided into Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
Sensory nerves
Motor nerves
which consists of
that make up
Autonomic nervous system
Somatic nervous system
which is divided into
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system

55. Regents Practice The peripheral nervous system consists of the
A. neurons located in the brain and spinal cord
B. nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord
C. interneurons of the central nervous system
D. portions of the brain known as the medulla and cerebellum
What makes up the peripheral nervous system?
Nerves attached to brain and spinal column
Correct answer: B

56. Regents Practice

57. Nervous vs. Endocrine System
Similarities:
both involved with maintaining homeostasis
both secrete chemicals
Endocrine System: hormones
Nervous System: neurotransmitter
Differences:
NS response is much faster than ES response
ES response lasts longer than NS response
Nerve impulse transmitted by neuron, hormones
transported by the blood