1. Contingency Tables

2. Contingency tables – or crosstabs display data so we can see if one variable seems to be having an effect on a second variable (does the independent variable effect the dependent variable?) independent variable: displayed across the top (column) dependent variable: down the sides (rows)

3. How are the smoking habits of students related to their parents’ smoking? Here are data from a survey of students in eight Arizona high schools: Both parents smokeOne Parent SmokesNeither parent smokes Student Smokes400416188 Student does not smoke 138018231168

4. How are the smoking habits of students related to their parents’ smoking? Here are data from a survey of students in eight Arizona high schools: Both parents smokeOne Parent SmokesNeither parent smokes total Student Smokes400416188 1004 Student does not smoke 138018231168 4371 1780223913565375

5. How are the smoking habits of students related to their parents’ smoking? Here are data from a survey of students in eight Arizona high schools: Both parents smokeOne Parent SmokesNeither parent smokes total Student Smokes400 400/1780 22.5% 416188 1004 Student does not smoke 1380 1380/1780 77.5% 18231168 4371 1780223913565375

6. How are the smoking habits of students related to their parents’ smoking? Here are data from a survey of students in eight Arizona high schools: Both parents smokeOne Parent SmokesNeither parent smokes total Student Smokes400 400/1780 22.5% 416 416/2239 18.6% 188 188/1356 13.9% 1004 1004/5375 18.7% Student does not smoke 1380 1380/1780 77.5% 1823 1823/2239 81.4% 1168 1168/1356 86.1% 4371 4371/5375 81.3% 178022391356 5375

7. How are the smoking habits of students related to their parents’ smoking? Here are data from a survey of students in eight Arizona high schools: Both parents smokeOne Parent SmokesNeither parent smokes Total Student Smokes400 400/1780 22.5% 416 416/2239 18.6% 188 188/1356 13.9% 1004 1004/5375 18.7% Student does not smoke 1380 1380/1780 77.5% 1823 1823/2239 81.4% 1168 1168/1356 86.1% 4371 4371/5375 81.3% 178022391356 5375 Compared to the entire sample in which 18.7% of the students smoke: -The value was higher with 22.5% of the students smoked when both parents smoke - On the other hand, 13.9 % of students smoked when neither parent smoked, this value is lower compared to the entire population.