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Historicalmindness Sensitivity to time and place –how different from our own Awareness of the basic continuities –patterns over time Ability to note significant changes Sensitivity to multiple causation Awareness that all written history is a reconstruction
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Stages of Historical Thinking
Stage I – history as a set of facts Stage II – history as causal sequence Stage III – history as complexity Stage IV – history as interpretation
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Amer-Indian World Pre 1491
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Essential Questions How did the world of the AmerIndians and of the Europeans both change after the encounter between groups? What factors contribute to impetus for exploration and colonization? How do Spanish, French and English colonies compare/contrast? How does each European culture interact with Native peoples? What are defining institutions and events? Why can the Americas be referred to as multiracial and multicultural?
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Characteristics Diverse Large populations – 70-100 million
Agricultural Revolution = key to growth Empires- Central and South America Aztecs Paralleled European development Technologically advanced Ruled by nobles and priests
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SW Maize and Bean Fields
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Cultural Characteristics Worldview
No division between sacred than secular Land/environment – not owned – stewardship Identity = tribe, clan – the collective Greater role for women Leadership – often chosen; needed to be able to influence Warfare – honor, territory, captives
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Context for Exploration and Colonization
Economic Trade – crusades – far East Middle class investment Revival of banking and credit Inflation – price revolution Enclosure movement Search for opportunity Independence for the conquistadores
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Social Demographics – population pressure Renaissance
Revival of classical learning; efficacy Reformation – challenges to authority Luther – salvation open to all Calvin – predestination –the Elect Activism English Reformation – Henry VIII
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Political Rise of the nation state- nationalism
Competition – trade, power, military, religion
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Technological Prince Henry the Navigator Maps and charts
Compass and astrolabe Caravel Printing press Zheng He
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Zheng He -China
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Encounters 1492 Shifting goals: trade routes –- mineral wealth ---land
Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
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Columbus landing
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Columbian Exchange
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Cortes and the Aztecs
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De Soto on the Mississippi
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Spanish Empire
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New Spain Daring achievements – Greed – Brutality Cortes – Aztecs
Pizarro – Incas Conquistadores – sought autonomy and wealth –but Crown controlled Spain rules but does not really colonize 250, ,000 Men – conquistadores, priests, military, bureaucrats Sexual imbalance – intermarriage -mestizos
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Key Institutions Encomienda – land and labor grants
Repartimento – mining and labor grants Presidio – military forts Mission – Christianity “God, Gold and Glory”
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Spanish Mission
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De las Casas – protests treatment
Virgin of Guadalupe – adaptation Pueblo Revolt – Pope Multiracial beginning Death to native peoples – thus labor needs Africa – 6 of 7 immigrants to New World
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Pueblo Revolt
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Initial English Ventures
Gilbert, Frobisher, Ralegh – Parallels conquistadores’ desires – wealth, autonomy Ireland – practice Right to “explore, occupy, govern” Early failures Hakluyt - propagandist
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Mercantilism Characteristics Favorable balance of trade (BOT)
Accumulation of specie – gold and silver Self sufficiency Goals POWER – for mother country Navigation Acts – control shipping and trade
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Colonial Comparisons Spain France England
Royal, extractive, male – sexual imbalance France Coureurs de Bois/Comptoir England Royal, proprietary, charter Transplantations - families
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New France
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Coureurs de Bois The Short Portage
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Characteristics of English Colonies
Commercial ventures – profit Transplantations Emerging cultures Colonial – diverse and imitative Multiracial and multicultural Takaki - Caliban
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English Colonization
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