1. o r g a n i z a t i o n a l b e h a v i o r e l e v e n t h e d i t i o n

2. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR S T E P H E N P. R O B B I N S E L E V E N T H E D I T I O N W W W. P R E N H A L L. C O M / R O B B I N S © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook Foundations of Individual Behavior Chapter 2

3. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.2–2 Theories of Learning (cont’d) Key Concepts Reinforcement is required to change behavior. Some rewards are more effective than others. The timing of reinforcement affects learning speed and permanence. Key Concepts Reinforcement is required to change behavior. Some rewards are more effective than others. The timing of reinforcement affects learning speed and permanence. Shaping Behavior Systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves an individual closer to the desired response.

4. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.2–3 Types of Reinforcement  Positive reinforcement –Providing a reward for a desired behavior.  Negative reinforcement –Removing an unpleasant consequence when the desired behavior occurs.  Punishment –Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate an undesirable behavior.  Extinction –Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause its cessation.

5. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.2–4 Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement A desired behavior is reinforced each time it is demonstrated. Intermittent Reinforcement A desired behavior is reinforced often enough to make the behavior worth repeating but not every time it is demonstrated.

6. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.2–5 Schedules of Reinforcement (cont’d) Fixed-Interval Schedule Rewards are spaced at uniform time intervals. Variable-Interval Schedule Rewards are initiated after a fixed or constant number of responses.

7. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.2–6 Schedules of Reinforcement (cont’d) Fixed-ratio E X H I B I T 2–4

8. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.2–7 Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement E X H I B I T 2–5

9. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.2–8 Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement (cont’d) E X H I B I T 2–5 (cont’d)

10. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.2–9 Behavior Modification Five Step Problem-Solving Model 1.Identify critical behaviors 2.Develop baseline data 3.Identify behavioral consequences 4.Develop and apply intervention 5.Evaluate performance improvement Five Step Problem-Solving Model 1.Identify critical behaviors 2.Develop baseline data 3.Identify behavioral consequences 4.Develop and apply intervention 5.Evaluate performance improvement OB Mod The application of reinforcement concepts to individuals in the work setting.

11. © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.2–10 OB MOD Organizational Applications  Well Pay versus Sick Pay –Reduces absenteeism by rewarding attendance, not absence.  Employee Discipline –The use of punishment can be counter-productive.  Developing Training Programs –OB MOD methods improve training effectiveness.  Self-management –Reduces the need for external management control.