1. CHAPTER 2 Maps help us make sense of the world
All maps depict information graphically
Maps show information from our round earth on a flat surface
Source:

2. Mapping Early Geographers were concerned with the study of space
Mapping is also called cartography
Represents space
Shows were you have been
Shows how to find one’s way back
Necessary to lay claim to a place
Increases knowledge of the world
All maps depict information graphically
Maps help us make sense of the world

3. MAP REQUIREMENTS (Information required on maps)
Title
Direction (north arrow
or a line of longitude)
Scale
Legend
Author/Creator
Date of Creation
Border
Sources of
information

4. How to put Labels/Names on Maps
Human made (cities, towns) – names written horizontally
Natural – names follow contours of rivers, lakes, bays, and mountains
Fringing around water
Sources of Information (should be included on map)

5. Types of Maps Different forms of maps are used for different purposes
Thematic Maps -show one type or information
Multipurpose Maps- show a lot of information
Topographic Maps – show the relief of the land (height). They also show a lot of other information.

6. What type of map is this?
Discuss the different types of boundaries that can be seen, natural and artificial boundaries.
Why are some borders so straight? Such as that of Canada and the USA?
Discuss how maps can be misleading, when studying culture and political affiliation, as with Africa. Some are a remaining legacy of colonial rule.
Source:
A Political World Map
Used to show political boundaries
THEMATIC MAP – FOCUSES ON ONE TYPE OF INFORMATION OR THEME

7. What type of map is this? Usually use contour lines to show elevation
The contour interval is the distance between the lines and is found in the legend
The distance is always measured from sea-level
Sea-level = 0
Topographical maps use contour lines to illustrate surface relief.
Using information contained in the National Topographic Data Base, the Centre for Topographic Information in Ottawa produces topographic maps at scales of 1/ and 1/ In addition, the Centre is the custodian of the federal aerial photography archives and offers aerial photography reproduction and distribution services. The Centre also supports the activities of the Geographical Names Board of Canada through the provision of a Secretariat.
Source: National Resources Canada (2005) Retrieved on: Jan From:
A Topographical Map
This type of map shows relief or elevation
Who would use this type of a map?

8. Topographical maps often use color to show elevation

9. Contour Lines Activity
Source: Contour Lines (2005) Retrieved on Jan From:
What is the elevation of A,B,C,D & E assume that all heights are in meters
A=0m
B=10m
C=15m
D=25m
E=8m

10. Index Contour Lines
Unlike the simple topographic map used above, real topographic maps have many contour lines.  It is not possible to label the elevation of each contour line.  To make the map easier to read every fifth contour line vertically is an index contour.  Index contours are shown by darker brown lines on the map.  These are the contour lines that are usually labelled.   

11. Index Contour Lines
The example above is a section of a topographic map
The thick brown lines are the contour lines, the thin lines are the normal contours, the thick brown lines are the index contours.  Notice that elevations are only marked on the thick lines.
We cross five lines as we go from the 700 line to the 800 line (note we don't include the line we start on but we do include the line we finish on).  Therefore is we divide the elevation difference (100) by the number of lines (5) we will get the contour interval.  In this case it is 20.
Source: Contour Lines (2005) Retrieved on Jan From:

12. Index Contour Lines Activity
What is the elevation of A,B,C & D Assume all elevations are in meters
A=700m
B=740m
C=770m
D=820m
Source: Contour Lines (2005) Retrieved on Jan From:

13. Bench mark
Bench marks are permanently affixed objects at various locations all over the Canada and other countries to enable land surveying, civil engineering and mapping to be done efficiently. These objects are usually metal disks, but can be any other object that serves as a control point.
Some people engage in geocaching which involves trying to find these markers. This is also called bench mark hunting
Removal or tampering with bench marks is illegal.

14. These are examples of bench marks Notice the elevation stamp
Source:
These are examples of bench marks
Notice the elevation stamp
Notice the $250 fine or imprisonment warning

15. What type of map is this? Road Map
Source:
Road Map
Used for showing driving directions, distances and urban centers
Indicates the different routes available and their size
MULITPURPOSE MAP – SHOWS A LOT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OFINFORMATION

16. Distance Chart Often found on road maps for quick reference
Source:
Often found on road maps for quick reference

17. Distance Chart What is the distance from Cedar Road to Haven Road?
Source:
What is the distance from Cedar Road to Haven Road?
Answer: 0.9 miles

18. What type of map is this?
- We see these every night on the evening news.
Weather map used for passing on valuable everyday information
THEMATIC MAP – FOCUSES ON ONE TYPE OF INFORMATION OR THEME

19. Thematic Map (One Theme)

20. Internet Mapping
Source: Retrieved On Jan From:

21. MAP SCALES
Large scale maps: show a large amount of detail in a small area (1: or less)

22. Small scale maps
1:250,000 or greater
1:20,000,000

23. Large Scale Maps Small Scale Maps 1:250, 000 !:100,000 1:50,000 1,1000
1.250,000 1:
1:1,000,000
1:20,000,000
Think of the ratios as fractions to help understand scale
1:50,000 1:1,000,000
=1/50,000 =1/1,000,000
Smaller fraction that the fraction above

24. Other Map Types
Mind mapping: the technique of arranging ideas and their interconnections visually.
Is a popular brainstorming technique
Go through a mind mapping exercise with students on blackboard.
Have one student name the topic and go from there.

25. Brain Map
Source: Retrieved on Jan From: egypt.spd.louisville.edu/ mi/BrainMap

26. Source: http://www. essentialschools

27. Family Tree
Source:

28. Classwork/Homework
Homework: page 29
Questions 1 to 8 (except
6a)