1. Earth’s Interior Link for intro animation:
Image from the website:
Link for intro animation:

2. Earth began to form in a process called accretion (gathering), where dust and debris collide and stick together to form a large mass.

3. Eventually the mass got large enough to be called a Planetesimal (planet building block)

4. The planetesimal began to cool as it spun through space.

5. Oblate spheroid forms- The spinning motion of the young, developing Earth caused it to form into a sphere that bulges in the center.
7900 miles
7926 miles

6. Today, 29% of Earth’s surface is dry land and 71% is covered by water.
Originally, Objects colliding with Earth kept it entirely molten. Earth’s surface was an ocean of magma
The Earth
Eventually, the Earth separated into 4 layers, with the heavy elements towards the center (core).
Today, 29% of Earth’s surface is dry land and 71% is covered by water.

7. Earth’s Interior
The original surface of the Earth probably looked much as the Moon’s surface does today. The Earth was probably composed of the same material from its surface all the way to its center.
Objects colliding with Earth helped to cause Earth to grow hot enough that heavy elements such as iron and nickel melted.
The material composing Earth is separated into several layers, with the denser material being located near the center.

8. How do we know about Earth’s Interior?
Drilling
Earth’s Magnetic Field
Seismic Waves

9. Drilling into the Earth
Humans have been able to drill down about 12 km (approximately 7.6 miles) into the Earth’s crust.
We have never drilled into the mantle, outer core, or inner core.

10. Why are there different layers?
Earth’s main heat engine: 1. radioactive decay (Uranium, Potassium, Thorium). 2. Pressure from asteroid hits.
Differentiation (layering) of Earth’s interior is due to gravity and differing densities.

11. Earth’s 4 Layers
Crust
Mantle
Outer core
Inner core

12. Crust Solid, rigid layer mostly Oxygen & Silicon (SiO2).
Depth of 7-70 km.
Two types: Oceanic and Continental

13. Earth’s Crust

14. Mantle Thickest of Earth’s Layers! Plastic-like with liquid properties
Composed mostly of iron, silicon, and magnesium
Depth of 2890 km (from the surface)
1000 °C
Thickest of Earth’s Layers!

15. Earth’s Mantle

16. Outer Core Liquid Composed of iron and nickel
Depth of 5150 km (from the surface)
3700 °C

17. Earth’s Outer Core

18. Inner Core Solid Composed of iron and nickel
Extends to a depth of 6371 km (from the surface)
4300 °C

19. Ooblek
Observations -Write observations and conclusion in booklets titled Ooblek:
Before the addition of water, is cornstarch a solid, liquid, or gas?
When you try to pour the mixture into your hand, does the mixture behave like a solid, liquid, or gas? Explain
When you try to roll the mixture into a ball and apply pressure, does the mixture act like a solid, liquid , or gas? Explain
Conclusion:
From your observations and notes on Earth’s interior, compare Ooblek to Earth’s core. How does Ooblek help explain the difference between Earth’s outer core and inner core?

20. Earth’s Inner Core

21. How the Earth Moves
Lithosphere-Made up of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle.
Asthenosphere-Plastic-like and made up of the upper mantle.

22. Image from the website: http://stargazers. gsfc. nasa
Movement of the liquid outer core of the Earth generates a strong magnetic field that surrounds the planet. This causes the Earth to act much like a large magnet, with the poles of the magnet located near the poles of the Earth.

23. Earth’s Magnetic Field
Image is from the website:
Our magnetic field is called the magnetosphere. It stretches out through the atmosphere and acts as a protective barrier to deadly, high-energy solar radiation.

24. Earth’s Magnetic Field
The Earth’s magnetic field allows us to use compasses to locate direction on the planet. A small magnetic needle that is allowed to spin freely aligns itself with the Earth’s magnetic field and points to the magnetic North Pole.
Image from the website: (top) and

25. The point of origin of an earthquake is called the Focus
The point of origin of an earthquake is called the Focus. The spot on the surface of the Earth directly above it is called the Epicenter.

26. Seismic wave: the energy released during an earthquake which travels through the Earth.
3 Types:
* Primary (P) waves
* Secondary (S) waves
* Surface waves
Seismic Waves
Image is from the website:

27. 1. How do they occur? Features Categories 2. Where do they start?
Categories
1. How do they occur?
2. Where do they start?
3. Can they travel through solids?
4. Can they travel through liquids?
5. Can they travel through gasses?
6. How do they react when density changes?
7. Are they detected on the other side of the world?
8. Do they show up in Shadow Zones?
9. Can they travel through the inner core?
10. Can they travel through the outer core?
Primary Wave (P-Wave)
Secondary Wave (S-Wave)

28. Primary Waves Primary waves, also known as P-waves,
Travel through the Earth by compressing and expanding.
Can travel through solids, liquids, and gases.
Are the fastest type of seismic wave, they are always detected first by a seismograph.
Image is from the website:

29. Secondary Waves Secondary waves, also known as S-waves.
Travel in an up-and-down pattern much like the waves that move through water.
Move much more slowly than P-waves
Can only travel through solid material, not liquids and gases.
Secondary Waves
Image is from the website:

30. Surface Waves
Surface waves are produced as a rolling motion of ground along the surface of the Earth.
Surface waves are the most destructive of all seismic waves.
Image is from the website:

31. Waves Tell Us Earth’s Composition.
Remember:
P-waves can travel through solids, liquids, and gases, while S-waves can only travel through solids.
We noticed that P-waves pass through the entire Earth, while S-waves can disappear.
So we know what Earth’s layers are made of !!!
Image from the website:

32. Seismic Waves
Data from many earthquakes has shown that S-waves disappear when they encounter the liquid outer core.
As P waves pass from one type of material into another, they are refracted (or bent slightly).
Image from the website: