1. HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION

2. CHAPTER-1 HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION
Introduction: This civilization is known by different names such as the Indus Valley Civilization or the Harappan Civilization because the first site of this civilization was discovered from Harappa. This is also known as Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Civilization .
MAIN FEATURES:
The oldest living civilization in the world
Also known as Indus Valley or Chaleolithic and Bronze Age civilization

3. HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION
Well planned cities, wide roads and lanes
Highly efficient sanitation and drainage system
Provision for lighting on the roadside
Use of baked bricks

4. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LIFE
Joint family system, No caste system
Pictographic script
Position of women seemed to be pretty good
Ornaments were made of gold, silver and precious stones
Knowledge of Ayurvedic medicines
Agriculture was the main occupation
Domestication of animals
Trade relations with Foreign Countries
Barter System, Use of weight and measures

5. CHAPTER-2 VEDIC AGE
Introduction : The Vedic Period or the Vedic Age refers to that time period when the Vedic Sanskrit text were composed in India. The society that emerged during that time is known as the Vedic Age Civilization.
MAIN FEATURES:
It flourished between 1500 B.C B.C. on the Indo-Gangetic plains of India
It laid the foundation of Hinduism
Veda means Knowledge. It is a collection of hymns, prayers, charms and sacrificial formulae
4 Vedas- Rig Veda, Sam Veda, Yajur Veda, Atharva Veda

6. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LIFE
Patriarchal form of family
Position of women very respectable and honourable, Monogamy prevalent
Caste system based on occupation
4 Ashrams of life- Brahmcharya, Grihastha, Vanaprastha, Sanyas
Optimistic about life
Education provided for character building
Agriculture was the main occupation
Domestication of animals
Trade Guilds/ Profession Guilds
Knowledge of metals- Gold, Silver, Copper, Iron
Nature of civilization was rural

7. CHAPTER-3 RELIGION- VEDIC, IMPACT OF BUDDHISM AND JAINISM
Introduction: Ancient religion of India that was contemporary with the composition of the Vedas and was the precursor of Hinduism is called Vedic religion. The sixth century B.C. witnessed the rise of two religious sects in India Buddhism and Jainism founded by two Kshatriya princes, Buddhism by Gautam Buddha and Jainism by Vardhman Mahavira.

8. MAIN FEATURES OF VEDIC RELIGION:
Vedic religion was the precursor of Hinduism
Indo-Aryans in the Sapt-Sindhu region followed Vedic religion
Worship of numerous male divinites connected with the sky and natural phenomena
Ceremonies centred on ritual sacrifice of animals
Use of soma
Concepts of atman, brahman, reincarnation, karma
The 4 vedas contain the essence of Vedic religion

9. IMPACT OF BUDDHISM: Caste system was weakened
Concept of Universal Brotherhood promoted
Works of public welfare
Relations with foreign countries
Spirit of non- violence
Atmosphere of peace and love
Development in literature

10. IMPACT OF JAINISM: A great blow to Caste System
Impetus to work of public welfare
Spirit of Ethics in the family developed
Emancipation of women
Reform in Hinduism
End of supremacy of the Brahmins
Compassion for men and beasts
Development of the spirit of peace
Demoralizing influence on fighting spirit of army

11. Chapter 4 SOCIETY AND CULTURE C.1000 A.D.
Introduction : After Harsha’s death in 647 A.D. there prevailed complete anarchy, disorder and chaos in the country. The Hindu and Rajput rulers failed to give a stable government to the country. The result was that they all succumbed before the Muslim invaders one by one which proved very harmful and costly for India.

12. Main features of social life:
Caste system created sharp differences in society and thus weakened the society
Deterioration of the position of women
Emergence of Feudalism
Narrow mindedness developed in people
Kshatriyas alone defended the country
Lack of spirit of brotherhood
Social evils in society

13. Main Features of Economic Life
Self-Sufficient village economy
Economic Stagnation
Intermediary taxes
Decline of Trade and Commerce
Decline of Guilds
Emergence of the class of moneylenders
Huge disparity between rich and poor

14. Main Features of Religious Life
Revival of Hinduism
Deterioration of religion and morality
System of Devadasis
No unity in the religious sphere
Higher classes lived in luxury
Effects of the Vammarga Dharma
Development of Tantrik Literature

15. Cultural Life and Education
Development of Art and Culture
Presence of Universities
Rise of pathshalas
Decline of education system
Lack of female education

16. CHAPTER-5 CULTURAL REORIENTATION: BHAKTI AND SUFISM
Introduction : During the medieval period, Hinduism witnessed a great and silent revival through the rise of bhakti movement. With the Muslim invasion Sufis entered Punjab and started preaching here. These movement laid particular emphasis on devotion and surrender to God as the best way to attain salvation.

17. Bhakti Movement- Causes of Origin:
Defects in Hinduism
The danger of Islam to Hinduism
Birth of great social reformers
Permanent settlement of Muslims in India
Birth of Sufi Saints
Inter- mingling of Hindus and Muslims

18. Main Features of Bhakti Movement:
Unity of God, Significance of God
Intense love and devotion to God
Faith in Spiritual guide or Guru
Stress on noble and good deeds
Self surrender to the Will of God
No belief in caste system
No belief in Idol worship
Attack on ritualism and false practices
No sanctity of any particular language

19. Effects of Bhakti Movement
Protection of Hinduism
A great blow to the influence of the Brahmins
A great setback to Buddhism
Checked the progress of Islam
Birth and growth of Sikhism
Fostered sympathy, love and brotherhood in Hindu society
Led to co- operation between Hindus and Muslims
Flexibility in the caste system
Development of the spirit of service in society and of nationalism
Status of women was raised
Promotion of regional languages
It saved the Hinduism from the feeling of Pessimism

20. Main features of Sufi Movement
Sufi was derived from the word “Safa” which means pure or Arabic word “Sooph” which means wool
Sufism was divided into two parts:
Ba-sar : Those who attached importance to Islamic laws.
Be-sara : Those who did not believe in Islamic laws.

21. Main features of Sufi Movement
The sufi were organised in 12 Orders or Silsilas like Chisti, Suhrawardi, Firdausi, Naqashbandi etc.
Main features of Sufism
God is One
Faith in Spiritual Guide-Guru (Pir)
Self Surrender or ‘Prapti’
Belief in different School of Sufism
Preaching in Arabic , Persian, and Urdu
Emphasis on Devotional music and songs

22. Chapter 6 Society and Culture c. 1500A.D.
Introduction : The Indian Society in Punjab during the Afghan rule was divided into two major sections : (a) Muslim Society (b) Hindu Society . Of the two, the Muslims were the favourite children of the state because they belonged to the ruling class and the latter were the ruled section of the population . The Hindus were considered as the second rate citizens and were treated with indifference and disdain.

23. Society and Culture
Social position of the muslims
Foreign Muslim formed the rulling class which was the most previleged and respected section of the Society.
Indian Muslim were considered as low born and were despised by foreign muslims

24. Drawbacks of the Muslim Society
The Slave System
Drinking and Gambling
Illiteracy , Ignorance and Superstitions
Position of Women was far from being satisfactory as they suffered from many social evils.

25. Social Conditions of the Hindus
Professions of Hindus were mainly Trade and Agriculture
Sea-Change in the character of Hindu population
Loss of traditional patronage of Brahamanas
Caste System among the Hindus
Position of Hindu Women in the Society was miserable and pitiable.

26. Religious Beliefs and Practices
Hinduism- Shaivism , Vaishnavism and Shaktism
Rise of Bhakti and Sufi Saints
New converts to Muslim faith
Decline in the Status of Brahmanas
Decline of Buddhism
Rise of Punjabi and Urdu
Setback to Hindu Art

27. Chapter 7 Shikhism
Introduction : Guru Nanak was one of the greatest religious innovators all time and the founder of the Sikh religion. The origins of Sikhism may be traced to a part of Punjab which is located modern day Pakistan where the Sikhism faith originated with Guru Nanak Dev in the early 1500’s.

28. Shikhism Guru Nanak Dev Early life of Guru Nanak Dev
Teachings of Guru Nanak Dev
Conception of God
God is One
God is Omnipotent
God is formless
God is Merciful
God is Self-Created

29. Shikhism Emphasis on the true name of God
The place of Guru in the realization of God
Emphasis on Ideal Family Life
No belief in Ideal Worship
No belief in Caste System
Belief in the Equality of Mankind
Emphasis on the Social Services
Faith in the theory of Karma
Emphasis on Morality

30. Shikhism Contribution of Guru Arjun Dev
Introduction of Gurumukhi Alphabet
Extension of Langar System
Compilation and Composition of Janam Sakhi
Foundation of Goindwal
Fostered and Maintained Complete discipline
Contribution of Guru Amar Das
Construction of Baoli at Goindwal

31. Shikhism Compilation and Composition of Guru Bani
Social reform by Guru Amar Das
Attack on Caste System and Untouchability
Emphasis on Inter Caste Marriages
Widow Marriage
Abolition of Sati and Parda
Against the use of Intoxicants
Preaching the teachings in Punjabi
New Mode of celebrating Festivals
Akbar’s Meeting with the Guru at Goindwal

32. Shikhism Contribution of Guru Ram Das
Laid the foundation of Ramdaspura or Amritsar
Masand System was started by Guru Ram Das
Propagation and spread of Sikhism
Establishment of friendly and cordial relations with Akbar
Nomination of Arjan Dev as his successor – a wise step

33. Chapter 8 Transformation of Sikhism
Introduction : Guru Arjan Dev was martyred in 1606 A.D. by the orders of the Mughal emperor Jahangir. Guru Teg Bahadur was executed in 1675 A.D. at the order of Aurangzeb. The martyrdom of both Gurus occupies an important place in the history of Sikh religion and transformation of Sikhism.

34. Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev :Causes and Impact
Allegation to create a state within Mugal Empire
Religious Fanaticism of Jahangir
Arjan Dev’s alleged help to Prince Khusro
Intrigues and animosity of Chandu Shah
Enimity and opposition of Prithia
Guru’s refusal to pay the fine of 2 Lac Rupees

35. Shikhism
Impacts :
Transformed the Sikhs from religious devotees to Saint- Soldiers
Enmity between Sikhs and the Mugals
Atrocities and tyrannies on the Sikhs
New Policy of Guru Hargobind
It fostered unity amonst the Sikhs
It sat the tradition of self-sacrifice
It made Sikhism popular

36. Martyrdom of Guru Teg Bahadur : Causes and Impacts
Increasing hostility between the Sikhs and the Mughals
Fanaticism of Aurangzeb
Religious activities and increasing popularity of Guru
Rivalry of Ram Rai
Impact of Nakshbandis on Aurangzeb
Opposition and animosity of Dhirmal
Support extended to Brahmins of Kashmir
Impacts :
Sacrifice for protection of religion became sacred duty of Gurus
Created a wave of indignation and revenge towards Mughals
Great impact on Guru Gobind Singh
It saved Hinduism from extinction
Prepared Guru Gobind Singh to take up cudgels against Mughals
It increased the popularity of Sikh Faith
It led to the downfall of the Mugal Empire

37. Chapter 9 Institution of Khalsa
Introduction :The foundation of Khalsa in 1699 A.D. by Guru Gobind Singh was an event of paramount importance not only in the history of Sikhism but also in the history of India. This was the most laudable achievement of the Guru and shows his organizing prowess.

38. Shikhism Causes of the Foundation of Khalsa
Need for a powerful organization to combat Mughal tyranny
Works and doctrines as propagated by the first nine Sikh Gurus
Religious intolerance of Aurangzeb
Submissive attitude of the Hill-Rajas towards the Mughals

39. Shikhism The deterioration condition of the Sikh Panth
Degeneration of the institution of the Masands
Shackles of the Caste System
Nature of the Jats
Necessity for a New Organization
Desire to fulfil a mission

40. Shikhism Significance of the creation of the Khalsa
Increase in the number of followers of the Guru
Creation of a race of saint-soldiers
Greatest Social Revolution
The Khalsa was purified of superstitions and blind-faith
It gave a new life to the depressed and down-trodden people

41. Democratic Teachings
It made Sikhism distinct from Hinduism
It fostered the feelings of unity amongst the Sikh community
It resulted into war between the Guru and the hill-chief
The Khalsa saved Hinduism from destruction
End of the Masand System
It increased the importance of Jats
Attainment of Political Power
It completed the work started by Guru Nanak Dev

42. Chapter 10 Changes in Society : Social Unrest, Rakhi System, Gurmatta, Dal Khalsa
Introduction :After the period of ten Gurus, the Sikhs had the fortune of having saint soldier leaders to guide the destinies of the Sikh people. These leaders were spiritually intoxicated and had undeterring faith in God and the teachings of the Gurus. They were idal examples of the Khalsa the saint-soldiers created by the tenth Guru.

43. Dal Khalsa
Dal khalsa was established by Kapur Singh.
After the death of Banda Bahadur Singh in 1716 Sikhs organized themselves in 65 jathas because they were ruthlessly killed and suppressed by Mughal governor of Punjab.

44. Changes in Society : Social Unrest, Rakhi System, Gurmatta, Dal Khalsa
The ‘Rakhi System’ evolved in 1753 A.D.
Rakhi means protection from within as well as from outside.
People were suffring due to anarchical rule of Lahore Government and repeated invasion of Afgan ruler of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Under ‘Rakhi System’ a protection was granted by ‘Dal Khalsa’ against the exploitation by Zamindars, oppressive Mughal officers, Afgans and the robbers.
In return, Misl Chiefs took one fifth of the revenue of the village, twice a year, after each harvest.

45. Gurmatta
The word Gurmatta means the advice of the spiritual Guru.
Gurmatta was the central body of the Sikhs which came into existence after the death of Guru Gobind Singh.
The Sikhs gathered at Amritsar at the time of Diwali and Baisakhi to discuss the common plan of action for the entire Sikh community. These meetings of the entire body of Sikh were called ‘Sarbat Khalsa’.

46. The decisions or the resolutions passed in the presence of the Holy Granth Sahib by the Sarbat Khalsa were called Gurmatta.
With the passage of time, these meetings of Sarbat Khalsa assumed the shape of a definite organization and this central organization of the Sikh Misls came to be addressed as Gurmatta.

47. Under Kapur singh leadership these 65 jathas were organized themselves into 12 Misls to fight common enemy Mughal governor and Afgan ruler Ahmad Shah Abdali .
Kapur Singh merged the fighting bands of the 12 Sikh Misls into one united Dal and names it as the ‘Dal Khalsa’.
After the Death of Kapur Singh Jassa Singh Ahluwalia became leader of ‘Dal khalsa’.

48. Functions of the Gurmatta :
It elected the leader of the Dal Khalsa.
It took decisions on the foreign policy of the Sikhs.
It tried to resolve the rivalry between the Sikhs.
It took decisions for the administration of the Gurdwaras.
It Discussed plans for military actions against their enemies.

49. Chapter 11 Society and Culture under Maharaja Ranjit Singh
Introduction : Maharaja Ranjit Singh also called Sher-e-Punjab was the founder of the Sikh rule in Punjab. He was endowed with the finest traits of humanity and utilized them for welfare of his subjects.
Social condition under Maharaja Ranjit Singh
Status of the people of the punjab
Position of women the society was not satisfactory.

50. Food of the people of punjab was wheat or rice, milk fruits vegetables
Food of the people of punjab was wheat or rice, milk fruits vegetables. They wore kurta, pyjama, and turban.
System of beggary also existed.
The System of Sati was also prevalent in the society.
Laws of Succession pertaining to property were differed from place to place.
Hospitality and charity among the Hindus, Muslims

51. Economic conditions
Agriculture was main occupation of the people.
Cloths, weapons, leather goods, shawls etc. industries were also established.
The main means of transporting goods were camels, ponies, donkeys and boats.
Land revenue policy : Batai system continued upto 1823 A.D. , and in 1824 Kankut system was introduced.
Religious condition
Maharaja Ranjit Singh a religiously tolerant king
Liberal grants to the Hindus , Muslims , Sikhs & others
Participations in the religious festivals of all religions

52. Development of Architecture
specimen of architecture during this period is the “Ram Bagh Garden” in Amritsar with its royal palaces and gates, gardens, watching towers and “ Baran Dari”.
Another site is the Gobindgarh fort of Maharaja.
Paintings
Coins and Numismatics
Nanak Shahi, Akal Shahi were coins.

53. Literature
“Gulgasht-i-Punjab”
“Iqbalnama-i-Maharaja Ranjit Singh”
“Tankh-i-kalan Kashmir”
“Zafarnama”
Arms and Armour

54. Chapter 12 Major Historical Places of Punjab
Introduction: In this chapter 12 Major Historical Places of Punjab have been given.
Mohanjodaro
Harappa
Sanghol
Amritsar
Anandpur Sahib

55. Major Historical Places of Punjab
Tarn Taran
Kiratpur
Ropar
Machhiwara
Khandur Sahib
Goindwal
Lahore