1. Local Conditions How would you describe your climate, or the average, year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation where you live? Does your area receive a great deal of precipitation—rain and snow—or is your area very dry? Section 4-1 Interest Grabber Discussion

2. What is Climate? Weather – day-to-day condition of Earth’s atmosphere Climate – average of daily weather over a period of time Factors affecting climate: Trapping of heat by the atmosphere Latitude Ocean currents Etc.

4. Sunlight Some heat escapes into space Greenhouse gases trap some heat Atmosphere Earth’s surface Section 4-1 The Greenhouse Effect

5. Greenhouse Gases Include: CO 2 (Carbon dioxide) Methane Water vapor Similar to a car on a hot day, glass allows light energy in, yet little heat escapes.

6. The Effect of Latitude on Climate Earth is tilted on it’s axis, causing varying degrees of light striking the Earth. 3 main zones of climate: 1. polar zones – sun strikes Earth at a very low angle 2. temperate zones – angle of the sun varies 3. tropical zones – direct or near direct sunlight

7. Sunlight Some heat escapes into space Greenhouse gases trap some heat Atmosphere Earth’s surface Sunlight Most direct sunlight Sunlight 90°N North Pole 66.5°N 23.5°N 0° 23.5°S 66.5°S 90°S South Pole Arctic circle Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Arctic circle Section 4-1 Figures 4-1 and 4-2 Heating of the Earth’s Surface and Some Factors That Affect Climate Greenhouse EffectDifferent Latitudes

8. 4–2What Shapes an Ecosystem? A.Biotic and Abiotic Factors B.The Niche C.Community Interactions 1.Competition 2.Predation 3.Symbiosis D.Ecological Succession 1.Primary Succession 2.Secondary Succession 3.Succession in a Marine Ecosystem Section 4-2 Section Outline

9. Biotic factors Living or once living

10. Abiotic Non-living components that influence an ecosystem Temperature, Type of soil, Precipitation, Climate

11. Biotic Factors ECOSYSTEM Abiotic Factors Section 4-2 Abiotic and Biotic Factors Together they determine the stability of an ecosystem

12. The Niche Where an organism fits into its environment – Place on food chain What it eats and what eats it – How and where it reproduces – Climate it prefers No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat! Competition? One wins and one loses.

13. Bay-Breasted Warbler Feeds in the middle part of the tree Yellow-Rumped Warbler Feeds in the lower part of the tree and at the bases of the middle branches Cape May Warbler Feeds at the tips of branches near the top of the tree Spruce tree Section 4-2 Figure 4-5 Three Species of Warblers and Their Niches

14. Community Interactions 1.Competition – species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time. 2.Predation – one organism captures and feeds on another organism 3.Symbiosis – relationship when 2 species live together Mutualism – helps both Commensalism – one benefits, other not harmed Parasitism – one lives on or in another, harming the host.

18. Ecological Succession Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to human or non-human interactions. Could be a rapid change or very gradual (thousands of years). Types: Primary Secondary

19. Primary Succession Occurs where no soil exists – must start with plants….Why? Bare rocks Volcanic areas Occurs often due to climatic changes of plate tectonics After original pioneer species establish area, new organisms begin to inhabit area.

21. Primary succession after an eruption

22. Primary succession

23. Secondary Succession When a drastic climatic event disturbs a particular area and organisms re-establish the ecosystem over time. Prairie fires Ecosystems typically bounce back from natural disturbances, but struggle to return when human disturbances occur (non-natural).

24. Secondary succession after clear-cutting or a fire.

25. Secondary succession