1. 3.1 © 2010 by Prentice Hall Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems Chapter 4

2. 3.2 © 2010 by Prentice Hall LEARNING OBJECTIVES Management Information Systems Chapter 4 Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems Identify the ethical, social, and political issues that are raised by information systems. Identify the principles for conduct that can be used to guide ethical decisions. Evaluate the impact of contemporary information systems and the Internet on the protection of individual privacy and intellectual property. Assess how information systems have affected everyday life.

3. 3.3 © 2010 by Prentice Hall Understanding Ethical and Social Issues Related to Systems Ethics Principles of right and wrong that individuals, acting as free moral agents, use to make choices to guide their behavior Information systems and ethics Information systems raise new ethical questions because they create opportunities for: Intense social change, threatening existing distributions of power, money, rights, and obligations New kinds of crime Management Information Systems Chapter 4 Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems

4. 3.4 © 2010 by Prentice Hall Understanding Ethical and Social Issues Related to Systems Management Information Systems Chapter 4 Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems

5. 3.5 © 2010 by Prentice Hall Understanding Ethical and Social Issues Related to Systems Management Information Systems Chapter 4 Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems Techniques for data analysis Profiling: The use of computers to combine data from multiple sources and create electronic dossier (file-record)of detailed information on individuals. Examples: www.webnetad.net: track the activities of online visitors, keep a each visitors profile.www.webnetad.net Nonobvious relationship awareness (NORA): Anew data analysis technology with powerful profiling capabilities. Choice point: maintain electronic profile of every adult in the United States.

6. 3.6 © 2010 by Prentice Hall Nonobvious Relationship Awareness (NORA) Figure 4-2 NORA technology can take information about people from disparate sources and find obscure, nonobvious relationships. It might discover, for example, that an applicant for a job at a casino shares a telephone number with a known criminal and issue an alert to the hiring manager. Management Information Systems Chapter 4 Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems Understanding Ethical and Social Issues Related to Systems

7. 3.7 © 2010 by Prentice Hall Basic concepts form the underpinning of an ethical analysis of information systems and those who manage them Responsibility: Accepting the potential costs, duties, and obligations for decisions Accountability: Mechanisms for identifying responsible parties Liability: Permits individuals (and firms) to recover damages done to them Due process: Laws are well known and understood, with an ability to appeal to higher authorities Management Information Systems Chapter 4 Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems Ethics in an Information Society

8. 3.8 © 2010 by Prentice Hall Ethical analysis: A five-step process 1.Identify and clearly describe the facts, Separate fact from fiction. 2.Define the conflict or dilemma, matter how thin you slice it, there's always two sides. 3. Identify the stakeholders. 4.Identify the options that you can reasonably take, compromises 5.Identify the potential consequences of your options, “What if I choose this option consistently over time?” Management Information Systems Chapter 4 Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems Ethics in an Information Society

9. 3.9 © 2010 by Prentice Hall Understanding Ethical and Social Issues Related to Systems Five moral dimensions of information age Major issues raised by information systems include: Information rights and obligations Property rights and obligations Accountability and control System quality Quality of life Management Information Systems Chapter 4 Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems

10. 3.10 © 2010 by Prentice Hall Information rights and obligations Privacy Claim of individuals to be left alone, free from surveillance or interference from other individuals, organizations, or the state. Ability to control information about yourself In U.S., privacy protected by: First Amendment (freedom of speech) Fourth Amendment (unreasonable search and seizure) Additional federal statues Privacy Act of 1974 Fair information practices http://www.pta.gov.pk Management Information Systems Chapter 4 Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems The Moral Dimensions of Information Systems

11. 3.11 © 2010 by Prentice Hall Federal Trade Commission FIP principles: Notice/awareness (core principle): Web sites must disclose practices before collecting data Choice/consent (core principle): Consumers must be able to choose how information is used for secondary purposes Access/participation: Consumers must be able to review, contest accuracy of personal data Security: Data collectors must take steps to ensure accuracy, security of personal data Enforcement: Must be mechanism to enforce FIP principles Management Information Systems Chapter 4 Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems The Moral Dimensions of Information Systems

12. 3.12 © 2010 by Prentice Hall European Directive on Data Protection: Requires companies to inform people when they collect information about them and disclose how it will be stored and used. Requires informed consent of customer (not true in the U.S.) EU member nations cannot transfer personal data to countries without similar privacy protection (e.g. U.S.) U.S. allows businesses to gather transaction information and use this for other marketing purposes. Many online privacy policies do not protect customer privacy, but rather protect the firm from lawsuits Management Information Systems Chapter 4 Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems The Moral Dimensions of Information Systems

13. 3.13 © 2010 by Prentice Hall The Moral Dimensions of Information Systems Management Information Systems Chapter 4 Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems Web sites are posting their privacy policies for visitors to review. The TRUSTe seal designates Web sites that have agreed to adhere to TRUSTe’s established privacy principles of disclosure, choice, access, and security.

14. 3.14 © 2010 by Prentice Hall Internet Challenges to Privacy: Cookies Tiny files downloaded by Web site to visitor’s hard drive Identify visitor’s browser and track visits to site Allow Web sites to develop profiles on visitors Web bugs Tiny graphics embedded in e-mail messages and Web pages Designed to monitor who is reading a message and transmitting that information to another computer on the Internet Spyware Surreptitiously installed on user’s computer May transmit user’s keystrokes or display unwanted ads Management Information Systems Chapter 4 Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems The Moral Dimensions of Information Systems

15. 3.15 © 2010 by Prentice Hall The Moral Dimensions of Information Systems Management Information Systems Chapter 4 Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems How Cookies Identify Web Visitors Cookies are written by a Web site on a visitor’s hard drive. When the visitor returns to that Web site, the Web server requests the ID number from the cookie and uses it to access the data stored by that server on that visitor. The Web site can then use these data to display personalized information.

16. 3.16 © 2010 by Prentice Hall A glimpse of a typical cookie file

17. 3.17 © 2010 by Prentice Hall Technical solutions The Platform for Privacy Preferences (P3P) Allows Web sites to communicate privacy policies to visitor’s Web browser – user User specifies privacy levels desired in browser settings Management Information Systems Chapter 4 Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems The Moral Dimensions of Information Systems

18. 3.18 © 2010 by Prentice Hall The Moral Dimensions of Information Systems Management Information Systems Chapter 4 Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems The P3P Standard Figure 4-4 P3P enables Web sites to translate their privacy policies into a standard format that can be read by the user’s Web browser software. The user’s Web browser software evaluates the Web site’s privacy policy to determine whether it is compatible with the user’s privacy preferences.

19. 3.19 © 2010 by Prentice Hall Property Rights: Intellectual Property Intellectual property: Intangible property of any kind created by individuals or corporations, intellectual property is brain power. Three ways that intellectual property is protected Trade secret: Intellectual work or product belonging to business, not in the public domain(the formula for Coke; a method of doing business or business process) Copyright: constitutional grant protecting intellectual property from being copied for the life of the author, plus 70 years Patents: Grants creator of invention an exclusive monopoly on ideas behind invention for 20 years Management Information Systems Chapter 4 Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems The Moral Dimensions of Information Systems

20. 3.20 © 2010 by Prentice Hall Accountability, Liability, Control Computer-related liability problems Ask yourself “If You receive a threatening letter in the email, is the post office responsible? Management Information Systems Chapter 4 Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems The Moral Dimensions of Information Systems

21. 3.21 © 2010 by Prentice Hall System Quality: Data Quality and System Errors What is an acceptable, technologically feasible level of system quality? Flawless software is economically unfeasible Three principal sources of poor system performance: Software bugs, errors Hardware or facility failures Poor input data quality (most common source of business system failure ) Management Information Systems Chapter 4 Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems The Moral Dimensions of Information Systems

22. 3.22 © 2010 by Prentice Hall Quality of Life: Negative social consequences of systems Balancing power: Although computing power is decentralizing, key decision-making power remains centralized Reduce Response Time to Competition: Businesses may not have enough time to respond to global competition Maintaining boundaries: Computing and Internet use lengthens the work-day, infringes on family, personal time Dependence and vulnerability: Public and private organizations ever more dependent on computer systems Management Information Systems Chapter 4 Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems The Moral Dimensions of Information Systems

23. 3.23 © 2010 by Prentice Hall Computer crime and abuse Computer crime: Commission of illegal acts through use of compute or against a computer system – computer may be object or instrument of crime Computer abuse: Unethical acts, e.g. Theft of trade secrets Using e-mail for threats or harassment Spamming: (unsolicited email) High costs for businesses in dealing with spam, ISP Employment: Reengineering work resulting in lost jobs, continuously keep updating your skills & knowledge to remain competitive in job market. Management Information Systems Chapter 4 Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems The Moral Dimensions of Information Systems

24. 3.24 © 2010 by Prentice Hall Health risks: Repetitive stress injury (RSI) Largest source is computer keyboards Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS), pain in wrist bony structure Computer vision syndrome (CVS) Technostress Role of radiation, screen emissions, low-level electromagnetic fields Management Information Systems Chapter 4 Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems The Moral Dimensions of Information Systems

25. 3.25 © 2010 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems Chapter 4 Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems Understanding Ethical and Social Issues Related to Systems Read the Interactive Session: Management, and then discuss the following questions: What is the ethical dilemma facing Wal-Mart in this case? Do Wal- Mart’s associates also face an ethical dilemma? If so, what is it? What ethical principles apply to this case? How do they apply? What are the potential effects of computerized scheduling on employee morale? What are the consequences of these effects for Wal-Mart? Flexible Scheduling at Wal-Mart: Good or Bad for Employees?

26. 3.26 © 2010 by Prentice Hall Read the Interactive Session: Organizations, and then discuss the following questions: What are some of the technologies and communication methods used by cyberbullies? Why are they so effective? What measures have been taken by school districts and governments to combat cyberbullying? How helpful are they? Can you think of any other ways to effectively control cyberbullying? Should there be stronger laws outlawing cyberbullying? Why or why not? Does a social networking site catering to teems such as MySpace represent an ethical dilemma? Why or why not? What Should We Do About Cyberbullying? Management Information Systems Chapter 4 Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems The Moral Dimensions of Information Systems

27. 3.27 © 2010 by Prentice Hall www.aftabassociates.com http://pk.nielsen.com/