1. Practice: Let’s Talk
Work with a partner. Complete the sentences with your own words. Each partner should finish each sentence.
After I leave class today...
Before I go to bed tonight...
As soon as I get up tomorrow...
Whenever I feel nervous...
The first time I came to this class...
Ever since I was a child...
As long as I live...
Just as I was falling asleep last night...

2. Warm-up Which adverb clauses give the idea of “because?”
Now that I’ve finished art school, I can focus on finding work as an illustrator.
Since I was young, I have been artistic.
Since you’re artistic, you can illustrate the story.

3. Adverb Clauses: Cause and Effect
because
Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
He went to bed because he was sleepy.
An adverb clause may precede or follow the independent clause.
now that
Now that I’ve finished the semester, I’m going to rest a few days and then take a trip.
Jack lost his job. Now that he’s unemployed, he can’t pay his bills.
Now that = “because now”
“Now that I’ve finished the semester” means “because the semester is now over”
Now that is used for present causes of present or future situations.

4. Adverb Clauses: Cause and Effect
since
Since Monday is a holiday, we don’t have to go to work.
Since you’re a good cook and I am not, you should cook dinner.
When since is used to mean “because,” it means “because it is a fact that” or “given it is true that.”
Cause and effect sentences with since say, “Given the fact that X is true, Y is the result.”
Since I came here, I have met many people.
NOTE: Since has two meanings, one is “because.” It is also used as a time clause.

5. Adverb Clauses: Showing Contrast (Unexpected Results)
because
Because the weather was cold, I didn’t go swimming.
Because is used to express an expected result.
even though
Even though the weather was cold, I went swimming.
Even though is used to express an unexpected result.

6. Homework 1: Looking at Grammar
Combine each pair of sentences with the words in parentheses.
Now that the weather is warm, we can go swimming every day.
Since the students had done poorly on the test, the teacher decided to give it again.
Cold air hovers near the earth because it is heavier than hot air.
Since you paid for the theater tickets, please let me pay for dinner.
Do you want to go for a walk now that the rain has stopped?

7. Homework 1: Looking at Grammar
Combine each pair of sentences with the words in parentheses.
Because our TV set was broken, we listened to the news on the radio.
Many young people move to the city in search of employment since there are few jobs in rural areas.
Now that the civil war has ended, a new government is being formed.
Since ninety-two thousand people already have reservations with an airline for a trip to the moon, I doubt I’ll have the chance to go on one of the first tourist flights.

8. Homework 2: Even though
Complete the sentences with even though or because.
Tim’s in good shape physically _______________ he doesn’t get much exercise.
Barry’s in good shape physically _______________ he gets lots of exercise.
_______________ Melissa has a job, she doesn’t make enough money to support her four children.
_______________ Yoko has a job, she is able to pay for her rent and feed her family.
Sherry didn’t learn Spanish _______________ she lived in Mexico for a year.
even though
because
Even though
Because
even though
even though
even though

9. Homework 2: Even though
Complete the sentences with even though or because.
because
Joe speaks Spanish well _______________ he lived in Mexico for a year.
Jin-Won jumped into the river to rescue a little girl who was drowning _______________ he wasn’t a good swimmer.
A newborn kangaroo can find its mother’s pouch _______________ its eyes are not yet open.
Some people protest certain commercial fishing operations _______________ dolphins, considered to be highly intelligent and social mammals, are killed unnecessarily.
_______________ the earthquake damaged the bridge across the Skunk River, the Smiths were able to cross the river _______________ they had a boat.
even though
even though
because
Even though
because