1. ENTROPY AND THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

2. 2 ND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS  Kelvin-Planck Statement  It is impossible to construct an engine which operating in a cycle has the sole effect of extracting heat from a reservoir and performing an equivalent amount of work  Clausius’s Statement  It is impossible for a self acting machine working in a cyclic process unaided by external agency to transfer heat from a body at a lower temperature to a body at a higher temperature.

3. Carnot’s Theorem From the 2 nd law of thermodynamics two important results are derived: these conclusions are taken together to constitute Carnot’s theorem which may be stated as follows: 1.No engine can be more efficient than a perfectly reversible engine working between the same two temperatures. 2.The efficiency of all reversible engines, working between the same two temperatures is the same whatever the working substance.

6. The second part of the theorem may be proved by the same arguments as before. For the purpose, we consider two reversible engine R 1 and R 2 and assume that R 2 is more efficient than R 1. proceeding in the same way we can show that R 2 can not be more efficient than R 1. Therefore, all reversible engines working between the same two temperatures have the same efficiency. The efficiency of all reversible engines, working between the same two temperatures is the same whatever the working substance.

7. PROBLEMS Find the efficiency of the carnot’s engine working between the steam point and the ice point [Ans: 26.81%] A Carnot’s engine whose temp of the source is 400 K takes 200 calories of heat at the temperature and rejects 150 calories of heat to the sink. What is the temperature of the sink? Calculate efficiency. [Ans: 300K, 25%]

8. A carnot’s refrigerator takes heat from water at 0 deg-C and discards it to a room at 27 deg C. 1 kg of water at 0 deg-C is changed into ice. How many calories of heat are discarded to the room? What is the work done by the refrigerator in this process? What is the coefficient of performance of the machine. [Ans: 87900 Cal; 31.83kJ; 10.13]

9. A carnot engine whose low temp reservoir at 7 deg-C has an efficiency of 0.5. It is desired to increase the efficiency to 0.7. By how many degree should the temp of reservoir [Ans: 280K]

10. Change in Entropy

11. Change of Entropy in Reversible Cycle

12. Principle of Increase of Entropy

13. T-S DIAGRAM

14. In going from A to B In going from B to C, D to A In going from C to D Thus External work done in the cycle Area of the rectangular in TS diagram

15. PHYSICAL SIGNIFICANCE Although it is very difficult to conceive the idea of entropy as there is no physical method to demonstrate it. Important Properties of Entropy Just like T remains constant in isothermal process, S remains constant in the adiabatic process. In every natural process (irreversible), there is always an increase in entropy. The 2 nd law of thermodynamics can be stated in terms of entropy. Due to increase in entropy, unavailable energy increase. According to Free man Dyson, S is a measure of dis orderness. This disorderness can be evaluated by

16. 3 RD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 1906, Nernst Heat capacities of all solids tend to zero as the absolute zero of temperature is approached and that the internal energies and entropies of all substances become equal there, approaching their common value asymptotically tending to zero This theorem is useful in explaining the nature of bodies in the neighbor hood of absolute zero temperature. Its importance lies in the fact that it permits the calculations of absolute value of entropy, Helmholtz and Gibbs free energies, etc. In terms of entropy, At absolute zero temp, the entropy tends to zero and the molecules of a substance or a system are in perfect order. In all heat engines there is always loss due to conduction, radiation and friction, thus is not equal to. Thus

17. When cycle after cycle is repeated, the entropy of the system increases and attains a maximum value. When the system has attained the maximum value, a stage of stagnancy is reached and no work can be done by engine.

18. ZERO POINT ENERGY According to Kinetic theory, the energy of a system at absolute zero should be zero. It means the molecules of the system do not possess any motion. But according to the modern concept, even at absolute zero, the molecules are not completely deprived of their motion, hence possess energy. The energy of molecules at absolute zero is called zero point energy.