1. Reformation Ideas Spread

2. Objectives Describe the new ideas that Protestant sects embraced.
Understand why England formed a new church
Analyze how the Catholic Church reformed Itself
Explain why many groups faced persecution

3. Reformation Ideas Spread
Throughout Europe, Catholic monarchs and the Catholic Church fought back against the Protestant challenge by taking steps to reform the Church and restore its spiritual leadership of the Christian world.

4. An Explosion of Protestant Sects
As the Reformation continued, hundreds of new Protestant sects, or religious groups, sprang up.
Many sects followed variations of the teachings of Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli.
Others followed ideas that were even more radical such as the Anabaptists.

5. An Explosion of Protestant Sects
Anabaptists-Rejected infant baptism; too young to understand what it means to accept the Christian faith
Faced harsh persecution
Baptists, Quakers and Amish all trace ancestry to the Anabaptists

6. The English Reformation
At first, Henry the VIII stood firmly against the Protestant revolt.
The pope awarded him the title “Defender of the Faith” when he wrote a pamphlet denouncing Luther.
After 18 years of marriage, Henry and his wife, Catherine of Aragon had only one child, Mary Tudor.
Henry felt that England’s stability depended on him having a male heir.

7. Henry VIII Seeks an Annulment
Henry wanted to marry Anne Boleyn, hoping she would bear him a son
Because Catholic Church does not permit divorce King Henry asked pope to annul (cancel) his marriage.
The Pope refused because he did not want to offend the Holy Roman emperor Charles V, Catherine’s nephew.

8. Breaking With the Church
King Henry was furious, he decided to take over the English church.
Guided by his chancellor Thomas Cromwell, he had Parliament pass a series of laws. They took the English church from the pope’s control and placed it under Henry’s rule.
The archbishop annulled the King’s marriage, and in 1533 Henry married Anne Boleyn, who gave birth to his daughter Elizabeth.

9. Breaking With the Church
In 1534, The Act of Supremacy made Henry “the only supreme head of the Church in England”
Many Catholics refused to accept and were executed for treason, including Sir Thomas More.

10. Strengthening the Church of England
Between 1536 and 1540, royal officials investigated Catholic convents and monasteries, claiming that they were centers of immorality, Henry ordered them closed.
Henry VIII was not a religious radical
Rejected most Protestant ideas
Kept most Catholic forms of worship in place
Video

11. Henry VIII’s wives
“Divorced, Beheaded, Died, Divorced, Beheaded, Survived”
Catherine of Aragon- Gave him daughter Mary Tudor; Divorced.
Anne Boleyn- Gave him daughter Elizabeth I; Beheaded
Jane Seymour- Gave him son Edward; Died.
Anne of Cleaves- Divorced
Kathryn Howard- Beheaded
Katherine Parr- Survived

12. Religious Turmoil
When King Henry VIII died in 1547, his son Edward VI inherits the throne (10 years old)
Brought Protestant Reforms to England
Book of Common Prayer: Moderate form of Protestant service while keeping many Catholic doctrines

13. Religious Turmoil Mary Tudor became queen after Edward died
Daughter of Catherine of Aragon
Devout Catholic, changed the official religion of England to Catholicism
Under Queen Mary hundreds of English Protestants, including the archbishop were burned at the stake for heresy, giving her the name “Bloody Mary.”

14. The Elizabethan Settlement
Elizabeth I, daughter of Anne Boleyn, becomes queen after Mary Tudor died in 1558.
Compromise between Protestant and Catholic practices
Church of England preserved Catholic practices
Book of Common Prayer is restored & Protestant doctrine is accepted
Made England a firmly Protestant nation

15. The Catholic Reformation
As the Protestant Reformation swept across northern Europe, a vigorous reform movement took hold within the Catholic Church, led by Pope Paul III.
Also know as the Counter-reformation

16. The Catholic Reformation
Council of Trent- Established Catholic reforms; reaffirmed traditional Roman Catholic beliefs
Met for almost 20 years
Salvation comes through faith & good work
Stopped corruption and indulgences.

17. Empowering the Inquisition
Pope Paul strengthened the Inquisition to fight Protestantism.
The Inquisition was a Church court set up during the Middle Ages.
The Inquisition used secret testimony, torture, and execution to root out heresy.
It also prepared the Index of Forbidden Books, a list of works considered too immoral or irreligious for Catholics to read.

18. Founding the Jesuits
Jesuits established- new religious order to combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith
Founded by Ignatius Loyola- Jesuit leader, put Jesuits through religious training & preached absolute obedience to the Church

19. Conducting Witch Hunts
Between 1450 and 1750, tens of thousands of women and men died as victims of witch hunts.
Those accused of being witches, or agents of the devil, were usually women.
Victims were social outcasts: beggars, poor widows and midwives.
Most victims of the witch hunts died in the German states, Switzerland, and France.

20. Persecuting the Jews
Hard times for Jews, unlike the Renaissance which had been a time of prosperity, with the creation of banks and lending
Spain expelled the Jews in 1492.
Italy allowed Jews to stay, thought Jews should convert by 1516.
Venice and other Italian cities were forcing Jews to live in ghettos (separate parts of a city, sometimes walled in)
1551’s Pope Paul IV added restriction, Charles V banned the Jews from Spanish colonies in America
Many Jews eventually migrated to Poland and Lithuania and parts of the Ottoman Empire.