1. Arthrology
Study of Joints

2. Structural Joint Classifications
Based on anatomical characteristics
Presence/absence of joint cavity
Type of connective tissue that binds them
Types
Fibrous joint
Cartilaginous joint
Synovial joint

3. Fibrous Joints Lacks a synovial cavity
Bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue
Permit little to no movement
Types
Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses

5. Cartilaginous Joints Lacks a synovial cavity
Allows little or no movement
Types
Synchondroses
Symphyses

8. Synovial Joints Joint cavity present Articular cartilage
Articular capsule
Synovial membrane
Fibrous membrane
Synovial fluid
Ligaments
Intracapsular
Extracapsular

10. Types of synovial joints
Ball and socket joint
Hinge joint
Saddle joint
Pivot joint
Gliding joint
Condyloid joint

11. Functional Joint Classifications
Based on type of movement they permit
Types
Synarthrosis-Immoveable joint
Sutures
Amphiarthrosis-Slightly moveable joint
Intervertebral joints
Diarthrosis-Freely moveable joint
Shoulder, knee

12. Synarthrodial Joint Immovable joint
Fibrous joint which can attenuate force with little or no movement
Examples
Sutures
Syndesmoses: radioulnar, tibiofibular

13. Synarthrodial Examples

14. Amphiarthrodial Joint
Cartilagenous joint which attenuates forces
Examples
Synchondroses: SC Joint
Symphysis: Vertebral Joint, Pubic symphysis

15. Amphiarthroidal Examples

16. Diarthrodial Joint
Provides mobility by permitting one body segment to rotate about another.
Transmits forces from one segment to another.

17. Diarthrodial Joint Anatomy
Articular Cartilage
Articular Capsule
Fibrous membrane
Synovial membrane
Synovial Fluid
Ligament

18. Diarthroidal Examples

19. Diarthroidal Examples ctd

20. Stability Maintaining Joint integrity Provided By: Joint construction
Ligaments
Capsule
Tendons
Gravity

21. Flexibility The range of movement within a joint. Affected By:
Shape of the articular surface
Muscle mass
Bony blocks
Muscle length/flexibility
Ligament length/flexibility
Age

22. Range of Motion (ROM)
Types:
AROM
PROM

23. Levers
Any elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed pointed called a fulcrum.
Rotation occurs when an effort applied to one point on the lever overcomes a resistance located at some other point.

24. Lever Components

25. Levers and Mechanical Advantage
The function of a lever is to impart an advantage.
Advantages can be either:
Exert more force against a resisting object than the force applied to the lever, for example: moving a boulder with a crowbar.
Move the resisting object farther and faster than the effort arm is moving.

26. Classes of Levers
Determined by which component (fulcrum, effort, resistance) is in the middle
Class I: Balance
Class II: Strength
Class III: Speed/ROM

27. 1st Class Lever Examples

28. 2nd Class Lever Examples

29. 3rd Class Levers Examples