1.  What are some ways that you can think of that allow us to get rid of waste?  What do you think NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) means when applied to waste?  Review: What greenhouse gas do landfills emit a lot of? What do greenhouse gases do?

2. Chapters 17 and 22

3.  US generates 33% of world’s waste  5% of world’s population  2 million trees used for paper products PER DAY  200 million liters of motor oil dumped into sewers each year in US  5x amount of oil from Exxon Valdez oil spill!  220 million metric tons of waste generated per year by US  4.5 lbs per person per day.

4.  Organic – food, flowers, wood, etc.  Radioactive – nuclear waste  Recyclable – paper (35% US waste), plastic, glass, metals  Soiled – hospital waste  Toxic – paint, pesticides,

5.  NIMBY – Not in my back yard  Not wanting developments near community  Pollution, traffic, eye- sore, etc.  Power plants, waste dumps, landfills, stadiums

6. Burning/Incineration  Energy source, reduce landfill impact, cheap  Air pollution, toxic chemical release Composting  Nutrient-rich soil, reduce soil erosion  Smelly, pests (NIMBY) Exporting  “Not my problem,” income for poor countries  Das racist, expensive (transport)

7. Landfills  Methane = energy source, wall managed  Methane = G.H. gas, limited area, expensive, NIMBY Ocean Dumping (illegal in US)  Cheap, “not my problem”  Impacts plants and wildlife, H 2 0 pollution

8.  Superfund (1980) – set up in response to hazardous waste build up (nuclear)  Clean up of toxic waste  Paid by: people responsible for causing waste

9. Bioremediation – using bacteria/enzymes to break down waste  Cheap, but slow  Composting  Rhizofiltration – sunflowers & radioactive waste  Phytostabilization – using trees to break down waste

10.  Why would a subway or a stadium be considered a NIMBY concern?  What is the superfund, and what does it force corporations to do?  Why do you think the recycling system in place today can be seen as a pro? As a con?

12. Reuse & Recycle – waste = inexpensive resource  Pros  Reduces water/air pollution  Less foreign dependence (oil)  Less landfill impact  Cons  Expensive  Poorly regulated  Not economical

13.  Toxicology – study of poisonous substances (toxins) and their effects on living organisms Types of Toxins  Allergens – immune system  Neurotoxins – nervous system  Mutagens – alter DNA  Teratogens – alter embryo  Endocrine Disruptors – alter hormones (testosterone)

14.  LD 50 – amount of substance it takes to kill 50% testing population  Dosage Response Curve  Logarithmic (upward curve)  Logarithms = a function of 10 (like richter scale, or pH)

15.  Shampoos, Toothpastes, soaps, etc.  Rats, mice, brine shrimp  Cruelty? Correlation?

16. Acute vs. Chronic  Acute – sudden, severe, reversible  Cold, flu  Chronic – long-term, dull, irreversible  Cancer, mercury poison  Dose Response Curve  LD50 – lethal dose, 50%  Logarithmic

17.  Biomagnification  Carcinogens – cancer- causing  High vs. Low Risk?  Frequency, severity, likeliness of exposure, etc.  Risk Assessment & Management  Synergism – one thing affecting another

18.  What are four major types of toxins? Describe what each one does?  What does LD50 represent? What products are being tested like this, and what organisms are being used? Why?  What is the difference between an acute pain and a chronic pain?

19.  Why is recycling not economical?  Describe the difference between a stubbed toe and cancer in terms of type of pain felt, and duration (length of time) of pain? Use the terms “chronic” and “acute” in your answer.  What is LD50 measuring? How do you know you have reached LD50?

20.  In the lab, what substance are we testing using brine shrimp as our test subjects? What are we measuring? Why are animals like shrimp used rather than humans?  You accidentally get your hand stuck in a door. Why is this an example of an acute pain? How does this differ from chronic pain?  Review: What is biomagnification? (hint: start your answer with: “as you move up the food chain…”)

22.  Bioaccumulation – absorption of molecules (in this case, toxic)  Dilute (less toxic) vs. concentrated (very toxic)  Biomagnification – going up food chain = toxicity increases  DDT (chlorine-based pesticide)  Rachel Carson (Silent Spring) – problems of DDT

23. Clean Zone – before pollution enters, oxygen highest Decomposition Zone – pollution enters, oxygen still high Septic Zone – pollution travels, oxygen LOWEST Recovery Zone – pollution diluted, oxygen recovers

24.  Clean Water Act – surface-level drinking water safety  Safe Drinking Water Act – clean water standards (ground water)  Ocean Dumping Ban Act – illegal to dump waste in US waters

25.  Burning (Incineration)  Skimmer Boats – surface oil  Bacteria (Bioremediation)  Detergents  Booms – gather oil  Vaccuums

26.  Exxon Valdez (Prince William Sound)  BP Oil Spill (2010)  Oil Spill Prevention Act (1990) – increase oil spill funds  Response to Exxon Valdez

27.  Radioactive – unstable waste  By-product of nuclear fission  Nuclear Waste Policy – Reactor waste disposal location (Yucca Mountain, NV)  Low-Level Radioactive Policy – treat and dispose low level waste  “Cradle to grave” responsibility (Superfund)  Containers above/below ground, recycle,  Time = less radioactive

28.  GDP – Gross Domestic Product = total economic activity of a nation (more spending = high GDP)  GNP – Gross National Product = sum of all total goods and services of nation  Critic = NOT taking into account HARMFUL activities (goal = more, more more!)  Increased output = increased pollution  EPI – environmental performance index – production based on enviro. Effects  Water, air quality, biodiversity, sustainability, etc.

29.  Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) – measuring if benefits are worth the expense  Ideal: costs = benefits Full-Cost Pricing – includes both internal and external costs  Internal Costs – expenses of those USING resource  Corporation/company  External Costs – expenses of outside party not directly using resource  Tax dollars of the people

30.  What zone are there the lowest levels of oxygen? How can you tell, judging by the species that live in this zone?  Name and describe three oil spill cleanup methods.  How do internal costs differ from external costs?

31. Liver  Produces bile (green) – breaks down toxins  Gets rid of waste  Cirrhosis (liver disease – scarring)  The liver and drugs & alcohol Kidneys  Clean blood, produces urine (waste product)  Dialysis – artificial blood cleaning

32. Immune System - produces: Phagocytes, B-cells and T-cells (made in bone marrow)  Phagocytes – ingest all foreign invaders  B-Cells – created for SPECIFIC infection (detectors)  Can never get same infection/disease twice  T-Cells – kill invader that B-cell detects  HIV – targets these cells