1. SiPM for CBM Michael Danilov ITEP(Moscow) Muon Detector and/or Preshower CBM Meeting ITEP 05.11.04

2. SiPM main characteristics R 50  h pixel U bias Al Depletion Region 2  m Substrate Resistor R n =400 k  20  m 42  m  Pixel size ~20-30  m  Electrical inter-pixel cross-talk minimized by: - decoupling quenching resistor for each pixel - boundaries between pixels to decouple them  reduction of sensitive area and geometrical efficiency Optical inter-pixel cross -talk: -due to photons from Geiger discharge initiated by one electron and collected on adjacent pixel  Working point: V Bias = V breakdown +  V ~ 50-60 V  V ~ 3V above breakdown voltage Each pixel behaves as a Geiger counter with Q pixel =  V C pixel with C pixel ~50fmF  Q pixel ~150fmC= 10 6 e Dynamic range ~ number of pixels (1024)  saturation

3. SiPM Spectral Efficiency Depletion region is very small ~ 2  m  strong electric field (2-3) 10 5 V/cm  carrier drift velocity ~ 10 7 cm/s  very short Geiger discharge development < 500 ps  pixel recovery time = (C pixel R pixel ) ~ 20 ns Photon detection efficiency (PDE): - for SiPM the QE (~90%) is multiplied by Geiger efficiency (~60%) and by geometrical efficiency (sensitive/total area ~30%) - highest efficiency for green light  important when using with WLS fibers Temperature and voltage dependence: -1 o C  +4.2% in Gain * PDE*Xtalk +0.1 V  +4.5% in Gain * PDE*Xtalk WLS fiber emission

4. Photon detection efficiency  = QE   geom 0 10 20 30 40 0123456 0 5 10 15 20 U breakdown =48V operating voltage one pixel gain (exp. data) one pixel gain (linear fit) One pixel gain M, 10 5 Overvoltage  U=U-U breakdown, V detection efficiency ( =565nm) Efficiencyof light registration , %

5. ,pixels : SiPM signal saturation due to finite number of SiPM pixels Very fast pixel recovery time ~ 20ns For large signals each pixel fires about 2 times during pulse from tile Average number of photoelectrons for central tiles for 6 GeV

6. SiPM Noise random trigger 1p.e. 2p.e. 3p.e. Ped. noise rate vs. threshold Optimization of operating voltage is subject of R&D at the moment. 1p.e. noise rate ~2MHz. threshold 3.5p.e. ~10kHz threshold 6p.e. ~1kHz

7. Experience with a small (108ch) prototype (MINICAL) Tile with SiPM cassette 3x3 tiles SiPM Moscow Hamburg

8. Light Yield from Minical tiles (5x5x0.5cm 3) Using triggered Sr source and LED at ITEP Using electron beam at DESY (SiPM signals without amplification) Good reproducibility after transportation from Moscow to Hamburg N pixel LED 

9. LED and 90 Sr signals Individual photoelectrons are clearly seen

10. Light Collection Uniformity, Y11 MC 1mm fiber, Vladimir Scintillator, mated sides, 3M foil on top and bottom Reduction in light yield near tile edges is due to finite size of a  source Sufficient uniformity for a hadron calorimeter even for large tiles Acceptable cross-talk between tiles of ~2% per side Sufficient light yield of 17, 28, 21 pixels/mip for 12x12, 6x6, and 3x3 cm 2 tiles (quarter of a circle fiber in case of 3x3 cm 2 tile) 5x5x0,5cm 3 Light yield drop between tiles acceptable (Calorimeter geometry is not projective) Cross-talk between tiles ~2% - acceptable Light collection efficiency mm

11. Shower Shape After single tile calibration and smearing MC describes well shower shape 3 GeV e + Black – data Yellow -MC

12. NON-LINEARITY and ENERGY RESOLUTION for DIFFERENT BEAM POSITIONS Beam position SiPM For all cases the same fit function is used ! Energy resolution With universal SiPM calibration curve there is no differences in response for different beam positions (different SiPM saturation)

13. Cassette, Absorber and Support Structure Cassette contains 220 tiles with SiPM and electronics There are 40 cassettes between 2cm iron absorber Altogether about 8000 tiles of 3x3, 6x6 and 12x12 cm 2 with SiPM and individual readout

14. Scan of Strip Using Cosmics Setup LEDcosmics ∑ Poiss  Xtalk·G(x 0 +i·Δx,  0 +  1 ·√i) Center of strip, N pixels (peak) = 9.7 groove depth 2.5mm

15. Scan of Strip Using Cosmics Setup (2) Poisson mean for MIP at normal incidence Strip 200x2.5x1cm 3 MC: light yield for 4x1cm 2 strip will be ~25% smaller. In the middle of 280x4x1cm 3 strip we expect ~ 9p.e. With threshold 4.5p.e. noise rate <10kHz efficiency  98% average efficiency >99% Similar detector - MRS APD - with smaller x-talk and similar efficiency is under investigation now. Expect efficiency >99.5% with noise <1kHz

16. Metal-Resistor-Semiconductor APD (CPTA, Moscow)

17. MRS APD Cross-talk

18. MRS APD Efficiency vs. Wavelength

19. Measurement of Scintillator Sensitivity to Neutron Background at BELLE

20. Backup Slides

21. Amplitude Dependence on Temperature T=+9.5 o C T=+14.6 o C T=+20.1 o C T=+25.3 o C

22. Light Yield of Individual MINOS Sc. Strips There is a substantial difference in individual strip responce. However all strips give more than 3p.e. at 3m. Nonuniformity across strip is about 5% only for 4cm x 1cm strips.

23. SiPM

24. Scheme of test bench for SiPM selection at ITEP Steering program Remote control 16 channel power supply ……. Tested SiPM.. X~100 16 ch amp 16 ch 12 bit ADC 16 ch 12 bit ADC PC driven generator LED driver gate DATA BASE SiPMs will be tested and calibrated with LED before installation into tiles (noise, amplification, efficiency, response curve, x-talk)

25. Test bench for tile tests at ITEP 16 sci tile plane  - source trigger counter 16 chan amps 16 ch 12 bit ADC movable frame Steering program step motor DATA BASE discriminator gate 16 ch remote control power supply Tiles will be tested with a triggered β source and LED before installation into cassette

26. Emission Spectrum of Y11 WLS Fiber Measured at distances 10cm, 30cm, 100cm and 300cm from source.

28. LED signal ~150 pixels A=f(G, , x) Comparison of the SiPM characteristics in magnetic field of B=0Tand B=4T (very prelimenary, DESY March 2004) No Magnetic Field dependence at 1% level (Experimental data accuracy)

29. Long term stability of SiPM 20 SiPMs worked during 1500 hours Parameters under control: One pixel gain Efficiency of light registration Cross-talk Dark rate Dark current Saturation curve Breakdown voltage No changes within experimental errors 5 SiPM were tested 24 hours at increased temperatures of 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 degrees No changes within experimental accuracy