1. Psychology 001 Introduction to Psychology Christopher Gade, PhD Office: 621 Heafey Office hours: F 3-6 and by apt Class WF 7:00-8:30 Heafey 650

2. The remaining classes…
In the final two classes of the course, we’ll be discussing three major disorder groups.
Anxiety disorders
Mood disorders
Schizophrenia

3. Mood Disorders
Mood disorders all involve long-term problems with basic emotions
All but one of the most prevalent mood disorders are associated with a negative, unpleasant mood
There are a number of mood disorders that exist, with one being the most prevalent and well known
Depression
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Dysthymia
Bipolar Disorder

4. Seasonal Affective Disorder and Dysthymia
Associated with the change of seasons
Symptoms are similar to those of depression, but to a milder extent
Light therapy is a popular treatment for this disorder
Prevalence of disorder depends upon location
approx 1% of Floridians
Approx 9-10% of Minnesotans
Dysthymia
Symptoms are similar to those of depression
Much less severe symptoms
Lasts much longer than depression (2 years before diagnosis)
Not considered traumatic at any given time, but can be very debilitating through its long-term effects

6. Bipolar Disorder AKA manic depressive disorder
Found in only 1% of the population
involves a person alternating between feeling depressed and feeing manic: constantly active and uninhibited, excited or irritable
Two forms of bipolar disorder
Bipolar Type I
Bipolar Type II (hypomania)
Twin studies suggest a genetic component to Bipolar Disorder
Treatments include Lithium and anticonvulsants

7. Overview
Depression, SAD, Dysthymia, and Bipolar Disorder are all classified under the same category in the DSM (affective disorders)
Each again has its own prevalence, defining characteristics, and causes/solutions
But… just like with anxiety disorders, when looking at these disorders, they are all considered very similar by most clinical psychologists

9. Schizophrenia
What it is NOT: multiple personality disorder, sociopathy, or antisocial personality disorder
What it is: a severe disconnect with reality with many cognitive and emotional symptoms
Affects about 1% of the population
Almost identical incidence in men & women (7:5 ratio has been found in recent studies)
Onset is usually sometime between 16 and 25 yrs old (later for women)

10. Diagnosis of Schizophrenia
The DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia requires that the person exhibit a complete deterioration of daily activities along with at least two of the following symptoms:
Hallucinations
Delusions or thought disorders
Incoherent speech
Grossly disorganized behavior
Loss of normal emotional responses and social behaviors
Note: If the hallucinations or delusions are severe enough, no other symptoms are required in the diagnosis of this disorder

11. More on the symptoms…
Schizophrenia symptoms are categorized into two groups
Positive Symptoms: behaviors that are present, or added to the persons repertoire of behavior as a result of the schizophrenia
Negative Symptoms: behaviors that are diminished, or absent from the persons repertoire of behavior as a result of the schizophrenia

12. Positive Symptoms
Hallucinations: perceiving things that are not there (auditory and visual)
Auditory hallucinations are much more common that visual ones
Note: Almost all of us occasionally have auditory (any maybe visual) hallucinations. Schizophrenics are distinguished by the frequency and complexity of these hallucinations.
Delusions: very rigid false or unfounded beliefs
persecution: others (groups and individuals) are conspiring against or persecuting the individual (e.g. “they’re after me”)
grandiose: unusual importance (e.g. pregnancy ‘flicks’)
reference: interpreting messages as if they were meant for oneself (codes in the newspaper headlines)
bizarre: random delusions that don’t fall under any of the previous categories (some of my vital organs are missing)

13. Negative Symptoms
Flat affect: blunted expression of emotion, e.g. mask-like face, flat voice, poor eye contact
Anhedonia: Diminished ability to experience pleasure, e.g. report little enjoyment in life, seek out few enjoyable activities
Social withdrawal
Inattentiveness, thought blocking (a particularly abrupt or complete interruption of thought)

14. Disorganized Symptoms
Disorganized speech:
severe tangentiality
loose associations
derailment of thought
Disorganized behavior:
catatonic behavior
unusual postures

15. Theorized Causes Genetic Brain abnormality/malformation
Twin studies suggest a genetic component in susceptibility for schizophrenia
No single gene has been linked to schizophrenia
Brain abnormality/malformation
the hippocampus and parts of the cerebral cortex are a little smaller than normal, the cerebral ventricles are larger than normal, the neurons are smaller there are fewer synapses in the prefrontal cortex
Is this a causal or correlational relationship?
The neurodevelopmental hypothesis
schizophrenia is the result of nervous system impairments that develop before and/or around the time of birth
Caused partially though genetics, but also through environmental influences:
poor prenatal care
difficult pregnancy and labor
mother’s exposure to influenza virus

18. Treatments Medication: Antipsychotic or neuroleptic drugs
These all relieve symptoms for at least a little while
Some block dopamine synapses in the brain, others effect glutamate concentration
Most in the past produced unpleasant side effects: tardive dyskenesia
Hospitalization: useful for only acute episodes
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT):
Hallucinations: help patients perceive distinctions between internal/external
Delusions: treat self-esteem or other psychological issues
Flat affect: increase social skills
Anhedonia: increase activities

19. Treatment Success
Most treatments provide temporary success almost immediately
Over the long run, success rates wane greatly
Success rates are highly associated with the intensity of the symptoms pre-treatment, and the time between onset and treatment of the disorder
The Rule of thirds for medication:
Acute and sudden onset: good response to medication
Middle: could be either sudden or acute, mixed response to medication
Chronic: slow, insidious onset, poor response to medication

21. THE END This marks the end of the lectures for this class
In our next class, we’ll have the final exam
Papers are also due at that time, so make sure to bring them with you
Good luck in your studies, and thanks for spending some time with me this summer