2. NEXT SLIDE © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 Technology In Action

3. Technology In Action Chapter 9 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.2 Technology In Action Chapter 9 Behind the Scenes: Inside the System Unit Chapter 9 Behind the Scenes: Inside the System Unit NEXT SLIDE

4. Technology In Action Chapter 9 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.3 TopicsTopics Computer switchesComputer switches Binary number systemBinary number system Inside the CPUInside the CPU Cache memoryCache memory Types of RAMTypes of RAM Computer busesComputer buses Creating faster CPUsCreating faster CPUs Computer switchesComputer switches Binary number systemBinary number system Inside the CPUInside the CPU Cache memoryCache memory Types of RAMTypes of RAM Computer busesComputer buses Creating faster CPUsCreating faster CPUs NEXT SLIDE

5. Technology In Action Chapter 9 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.4 Digital Data: Switches and Bits Electronic switches:Electronic switches: –Vacuum tubes –Transistors –Integrated circuits Binary number system:Binary number system: –Representing numbers –Representing letters and symbols ASCII ASCII Unicode Unicode Electronic switches:Electronic switches: –Vacuum tubes –Transistors –Integrated circuits Binary number system:Binary number system: –Representing numbers –Representing letters and symbols ASCII ASCII Unicode Unicode ON OFF NEXT SLIDE

6. Technology In Action Chapter 9 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.5 Electronic Switches Non-mechanical devices in computers that open and close circuitsNon-mechanical devices in computers that open and close circuits Types of electronic switches:Types of electronic switches: –Vacuum tubes –Transistors: Semiconductors Semiconductors –Integrated circuits Microprocessors Microprocessors Non-mechanical devices in computers that open and close circuitsNon-mechanical devices in computers that open and close circuits Types of electronic switches:Types of electronic switches: –Vacuum tubes –Transistors: Semiconductors Semiconductors –Integrated circuits Microprocessors Microprocessors Click here to view the video “The Incredible Shrinking Circuit” by Intel NEXT SLIDE

7. Technology In Action Chapter 9 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.6 How Transistors Work

8. Technology In Action Chapter 9 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.7 Computer Generations First-generation computers (1946-1958):First-generation computers (1946-1958): –UNIVAC –Use vacuum tubes to store data Second-generation computers (1959-1964):Second-generation computers (1959-1964): –Use transistors to store data Third-generation computers (1965-1970):Third-generation computers (1965-1970): –Use integrated circuits Fourth-generation computers (1971-Today):Fourth-generation computers (1971-Today): –Use a microprocessor chip –Intel 4040, 1971 First-generation computers (1946-1958):First-generation computers (1946-1958): –UNIVAC –Use vacuum tubes to store data Second-generation computers (1959-1964):Second-generation computers (1959-1964): –Use transistors to store data Third-generation computers (1965-1970):Third-generation computers (1965-1970): –Use integrated circuits Fourth-generation computers (1971-Today):Fourth-generation computers (1971-Today): –Use a microprocessor chip –Intel 4040, 1971 LAST SLIDE

9. Technology In Action Chapter 9 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.8 The on/off state of a switch represents one bit of dataThe on/off state of a switch represents one bit of data Bit (binary digit):Bit (binary digit): –On = 1 –Off = 0 The on/off state of a switch represents one bit of dataThe on/off state of a switch represents one bit of data Bit (binary digit):Bit (binary digit): –On = 1 –Off = 0 OFF Switches Representing Data ON 01 OR = 1 bit NEXT SLIDE

10. Technology In Action Chapter 9 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.9 The Binary Number System 100010x10010010x101010x11 5832 10 digits 0 through 9 Base 10 10 digits 0 through 9 64 2x32 32 2x16 16 2x882x442x222x11 Number systems:Number systems: –Organized ways to represent numbers Number systems:Number systems: –Organized ways to represent numbers Binary 2 digits 0 and 1 89 Base 10 = 10110011011001 NEXT SLIDE

11. Technology In Action Chapter 9 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.10 NEXT SLIDE Representing Letters and Symbols A ON OFF aBbC American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII):American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII): –8 bits equal 1 byte –256 different combinations –1 byte equals an alphanumeric character or symbol Unicode:Unicode: –16 bits equal 2 bytes –65000 different combinations –Used for all languages: English, Japanese, Chinese, etc. English, Japanese, Chinese, etc. American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII):American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII): –8 bits equal 1 byte –256 different combinations –1 byte equals an alphanumeric character or symbol Unicode:Unicode: –16 bits equal 2 bytes –65000 different combinations –Used for all languages: English, Japanese, Chinese, etc. English, Japanese, Chinese, etc. Click here to view an ASCII Code chart

12. Technology In Action Chapter 9 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.11 ASCII Chart

13. Technology In Action Chapter 9 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.12 The CPU: Processing Digital Information CPU componentsCPU components Types of CPUsTypes of CPUs What the CPU does:What the CPU does: –Machine cycle: System clock System clock Cache memory Cache memory CPU componentsCPU components Types of CPUsTypes of CPUs What the CPU does:What the CPU does: –Machine cycle: System clock System clock Cache memory Cache memory NEXT SLIDE

14. Technology In Action Chapter 9 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.13 The CPU Also known as a microprocessor or processorAlso known as a microprocessor or processor Executes instructionsExecutes instructions Components include:Components include: –Control unit –Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) –Registers –Cache memory Also known as a microprocessor or processorAlso known as a microprocessor or processor Executes instructionsExecutes instructions Components include:Components include: –Control unit –Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) –Registers –Cache memory NEXT SLIDE

15. Technology In Action Chapter 9 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.14 Types of CPUs Athlon XP AMD 54.3 million 2.20 GHzAthlon XP AMD 54.3 million 2.20 GHz Athlon 64FX AMD 106 million 2.4 GHzAthlon 64FX AMD 106 million 2.4 GHz Centrino Intel 77 million 1.70 GHzCentrino Intel 77 million 1.70 GHz Itanium 2 Intel 410 million 1.50 GHzItanium 2 Intel 410 million 1.50 GHz Pentium 4 Intel 55 million 3.20 GHzPentium 4 Intel 55 million 3.20 GHz Pentium 4 Processor-M Intel 55 million 2.60 GHzPentium 4 Processor-M Intel 55 million 2.60 GHz PowerPC G4 Motorola 57 million 1.00 GHzPowerPC G4 Motorola 57 million 1.00 GHz PowerPC G5 IBM 58 million 2.00 GHzPowerPC G5 IBM 58 million 2.00 GHz Athlon XP AMD 54.3 million 2.20 GHzAthlon XP AMD 54.3 million 2.20 GHz Athlon 64FX AMD 106 million 2.4 GHzAthlon 64FX AMD 106 million 2.4 GHz Centrino Intel 77 million 1.70 GHzCentrino Intel 77 million 1.70 GHz Itanium 2 Intel 410 million 1.50 GHzItanium 2 Intel 410 million 1.50 GHz Pentium 4 Intel 55 million 3.20 GHzPentium 4 Intel 55 million 3.20 GHz Pentium 4 Processor-M Intel 55 million 2.60 GHzPentium 4 Processor-M Intel 55 million 2.60 GHz PowerPC G4 Motorola 57 million 1.00 GHzPowerPC G4 Motorola 57 million 1.00 GHz PowerPC G5 IBM 58 million 2.00 GHzPowerPC G5 IBM 58 million 2.00 GHz PROCESSORMANUFACTURERTRANSISTORS CLOCK SPEED Athlon XP AMD 54.3 million 2.20 GHz Athlon 64FX AMD 106 million 2.4 GHz CentrinoIntel 77 million 1.70 GHz Itanium 2 Intel 410 million 1.50 GHz Pentium 4 Intel 55 million 3.20 GHz Pentium 4 Processor-M Intel 55 million 2.60 GHz PowerPC G4 Motorola 57 million 1.00 GHz PowerPC G5 IBM 58 million 2.00 GHz NEXT SLIDE

16. Technology In Action Chapter 9 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.15 The CPU’s Machine Cycle Also known as the processing cycleAlso known as the processing cycle Fetch:Fetch: –The Control Unit searches cache memory and then RAM for program instructions –Instructions are moved to the Control Unit Decode:Decode: –The Control Unit reads and prepares the program instructions –The instructions are sent to the ALU Execute:Execute: –The ALU performs the calculations Store:Store: –The results are stored in the registers Also known as the processing cycleAlso known as the processing cycle Fetch:Fetch: –The Control Unit searches cache memory and then RAM for program instructions –Instructions are moved to the Control Unit Decode:Decode: –The Control Unit reads and prepares the program instructions –The instructions are sent to the ALU Execute:Execute: –The ALU performs the calculations Store:Store: –The results are stored in the registers Click here to view the video “Inside the Chip” by Intel NEXT SLIDE

17. Technology In Action Chapter 9 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.16 Inside the Chip

18. Technology In Action Chapter 9 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.17 The System Clock Located on the motherboardLocated on the motherboard Controls the CPU’s processing cyclesControls the CPU’s processing cycles Clock cycle:Clock cycle: –Pulse or tick Clock speed:Clock speed: –Number of pulses per second –Measured in hertz (Hz) Located on the motherboardLocated on the motherboard Controls the CPU’s processing cyclesControls the CPU’s processing cycles Clock cycle:Clock cycle: –Pulse or tick Clock speed:Clock speed: –Number of pulses per second –Measured in hertz (Hz) NEXT SLIDE

19. Technology In Action Chapter 9 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.18 Cache Memory Small amount of memory located on the CPU chip or near it:Small amount of memory located on the CPU chip or near it: –Level 1 –Level 2 Stores recent or frequently used instructions and dataStores recent or frequently used instructions and data Used for quick access by the CPUUsed for quick access by the CPU Small amount of memory located on the CPU chip or near it:Small amount of memory located on the CPU chip or near it: –Level 1 –Level 2 Stores recent or frequently used instructions and dataStores recent or frequently used instructions and data Used for quick access by the CPUUsed for quick access by the CPU NEXT SLIDE

20. Technology In Action Chapter 9 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.19 Memory around CPU

21. Technology In Action Chapter 9 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.20 RAM: The Next Level of Temporary Storage Dynamic RAM (DRAM):Dynamic RAM (DRAM): –Loses its electrical charge –Needs to be refreshed –SDRAM: Synchronous DRAM Synchronous DRAM –DDR SDRAM Double data rate SDRAM Double data rate SDRAM –RDRAM: Rambus DRAM Rambus DRAM Static RAM (SRAM):Static RAM (SRAM): –Does not lose its electrical charge –Faster than DRAM –Cache memory Dynamic RAM (DRAM):Dynamic RAM (DRAM): –Loses its electrical charge –Needs to be refreshed –SDRAM: Synchronous DRAM Synchronous DRAM –DDR SDRAM Double data rate SDRAM Double data rate SDRAM –RDRAM: Rambus DRAM Rambus DRAM Static RAM (SRAM):Static RAM (SRAM): –Does not lose its electrical charge –Faster than DRAM –Cache memory NEXT SLIDE

22. Technology In Action Chapter 9 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.21 Memory Levels

23. Technology In Action Chapter 9 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.22 Bus:Bus: –Electrical pathway used to move data between components –Local bus: Connects the CPU with the memory Connects the CPU with the memory –Expansion bus: Connects the CPU with peripheral devices Connects the CPU with peripheral devices Bus:Bus: –Electrical pathway used to move data between components –Local bus: Connects the CPU with the memory Connects the CPU with the memory –Expansion bus: Connects the CPU with peripheral devices Connects the CPU with peripheral devices Buses: The CPU’s Data Highway 01100010 01110011 01001000 00100111 NEXT SLIDE

24. Technology In Action Chapter 9 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.23 Bus Performance NEXT SLIDE Bus clock speed:Bus clock speed: –Rate of speed data moves from one location to another –Measured in Mhz (millions of clock cycles per second) Bus width:Bus width: –The number of bits of data moved on a bus at any one time –Measured in bits: 16 bits 16 bits 32 bits 32 bits Bus clock speed:Bus clock speed: –Rate of speed data moves from one location to another –Measured in Mhz (millions of clock cycles per second) Bus width:Bus width: –The number of bits of data moved on a bus at any one time –Measured in bits: 16 bits 16 bits 32 bits 32 bits

25. Technology In Action Chapter 9 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.24 Types of Expansion Buses NEXT SLIDE ISA and EISA:ISA and EISA: –Found on older computers –Connects mouse, modem, and sound card PCI:PCI: –Faster than ISA and EISA –Found on modern computers –Connects network, modem, and sound card AGP:AGP: –Used for three-dimensional graphics –Connects the graphics card and memory ISA and EISA:ISA and EISA: –Found on older computers –Connects mouse, modem, and sound card PCI:PCI: –Faster than ISA and EISA –Found on modern computers –Connects network, modem, and sound card AGP:AGP: –Used for three-dimensional graphics –Connects the graphics card and memory

26. Technology In Action Chapter 9 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.25 Making Computers Faster Pipelining:Pipelining: –The CPU processes more than one instruction at a time Pipelining:Pipelining: –The CPU processes more than one instruction at a time FetchDecodeExecuteStore FetchDecodeExecuteStore Instruction 1 Instruction 2 Non-pipelined CPU FetchDecodeExecuteStore FetchDecodeExecuteStore FetchDecodeExecuteStore FetchDecodeExecuteStore Instruction 1 Instruction 2 Instruction 3 Instruction 4 Pipelined CPU NEXT SLIDE

27. Technology In Action Chapter 9 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.26 Making Computers Faster Dual processing:Dual processing: –Two CPUs on the same system –Each processor shares the workload Parallel processing:Parallel processing: –Network of computers –Each computer works on a portion of the problem simultaneously Dual processing:Dual processing: –Two CPUs on the same system –Each processor shares the workload Parallel processing:Parallel processing: –Network of computers –Each computer works on a portion of the problem simultaneously Dual processors NEXT SLIDE

28. Technology In Action Chapter 9 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.27 Chapter 9 Summary Questions What is a switch and how does it work in a computer?What is a switch and how does it work in a computer? What is the binary number system and what role does it play in computer system?What is the binary number system and what role does it play in computer system? What is inside the CPU and how do these components operate?What is inside the CPU and how do these components operate? How does a CPU process data and instructions?How does a CPU process data and instructions? What is a switch and how does it work in a computer?What is a switch and how does it work in a computer? What is the binary number system and what role does it play in computer system?What is the binary number system and what role does it play in computer system? What is inside the CPU and how do these components operate?What is inside the CPU and how do these components operate? How does a CPU process data and instructions?How does a CPU process data and instructions? NEXT SLIDE

29. Technology In Action Chapter 9 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.28 Chapter 9 Summary Questions What is cache memory?What is cache memory? What types of RAM are there?What types of RAM are there? What is a bus and how does it function in a computer system?What is a bus and how does it function in a computer system? How do manufacturers make CPUs so that they run faster?How do manufacturers make CPUs so that they run faster? What is cache memory?What is cache memory? What types of RAM are there?What types of RAM are there? What is a bus and how does it function in a computer system?What is a bus and how does it function in a computer system? How do manufacturers make CPUs so that they run faster?How do manufacturers make CPUs so that they run faster? LAST SLIDE