1. Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11-3 http://www.eslkidstuff.com/images/tallshort.gif http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm

2. GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought ____________________________ the ________________________. = ________________________ Genes ________ the ______ for development, but how plan unfolds also _______ on ______________conditions. “Nature vs Nurture” ENVIRONMENT influences expression of genes provide plan depends environmental

3. GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought Some traits have ____________ allele __________ = ____________________ EX: blood type Allele choices ___ ___ ___ MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT A BO MORE than 2 choices

4. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Some traits are determined by ____________________________ = __________________ EX: human height. intelligence, skin & eye color http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG POLYGENIC TRAIT MORE THAN ONE GENE

5. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Traits determined by ____________ _________ have _____ “___________” phenotypes http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm There aren’t just SMART people and DUMB people…. there is a ________________ of intelligences in-between MORE than ONE gene many in-between whole range

6. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought KINDS OF DOMINANCE ____________________ COMPLETE DOMINANCE INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE CO-DOMINANCE

7. COMPLETE DOMINANCE __________ allele _______ the ___________ one PATTERN ? ____________ allele ________ in a _____ratio in the ____ generation Dominant masks recessive Recessive returns 3:1 F2F2 http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html

8. INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE __________ expected _____ ratio in F 2 generation _____________ organisms with one dominant and one recessive allele show a _________ in-between trait BLENDED DON’T SEE 3:1 Heterozygous Image modified from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html

10. Incomplete Dominance

12. CO-DOMINANCE _______ traits are expressed at ___________ (_____________________) in heterozygote A ________HORSE has ______________ hair and __________ hair side by side BOTH SAME TIME ROAN BOTH RED WHITE NO BLENDING

13. Co-Dominance Roan Horse

14. Erminette Chickens

15. CO-DOMINANCE Both traits are expressed together (NO BLENDING) in heterozygote Persons with an A allele AND a B allele have blood type AB

16. Membrane proteins with _______ attached that help cells recognize self = ______________ GLYCOPROTEINS http://www.mannanw.com/super-sugars.htm REMEMBER sugars

17. BLOOD TYPES have more than 2 allele choices = _________________________ The pattern of sugars that is attached is determined by genes Allele choices are: _____________ ABO MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT

18. BLOOD TYPES An A allele tells the cell to put “A” glycoproteins on its surface

19. BLOOD TYPES A B allele tells the cell to put a different “B” glycoprotein on its surface

20. BLOOD TYPES An O allele tells the cell NOT to put anything on the surface

21. A and B are CO-DOMINANT A cell with BOTH an A and a B allele has BOTH “A” and “B” glycoproteins on its surface

22. BLOOD TYPES & ALLELES GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE (BLOOD TYPE) AA AO BB BO OO AB A A B B O

23. B and O see A as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg A and AB see A as “like me” DONOR BLOOD

24. A and O see B as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg B and AB see B as “like me” DONOR BLOOD

25. Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg YOU DON’T HAVE ANYTHING I DON’T HAVE! ____ can donate to EVERY BLOOD TYPE = _____________________ Nothing on surface to recognize as “NOT SELF” UNIVERSAL DONOR O DONOR BLOOD

26. A, B, and O see AB as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg Only AB sees AB as “like me” DONOR BLOOD

27. Body image modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg ______ can RECEIVE FROM EVERY BLOOD TYPE = ________________________ UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT ABAB AB can only GIVE to AB BUT...

28. BLOOD TYPE FREQUENCY IN USA http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/newton/BldTyping.html A40% B10% AB4% O46%

29. ABO SYSTEM is NOT THE ONLY ONE Rh + Rh -

30. MOM is _____ & BABY is ____ OTHER BLOOD TYPES ____________________ IF: Image modified from: http://www.wsd1.org/lessonplans/images/Body.gif MOM is _____ & BABY is _____ Rh + Rh - NO PROBLEMS

31. Can be a ___________ IF: Mom is _____ Baby is _____ Image modified from: http://www.wsd1.org/lessonplans/images/Body.gif 1 st baby OK but few baby cells entering mom’s bloodstream put mom’s immune system on alert for + cells. Next + baby, mom’s immune system can attack baby as it is growing Mom given shot after 1 st birth prevents this Rh+ PROBLEM Rh -

32. DIHYBRID CROSSES ( 2 traits) http://mac122.icu.ac.jp/BIOBK/BioBookgenintro.html

33. Mendel also asked the question? Does the gene that determines if a seed is round or wrinkled have anything to do with the gene for seed shape? Must a seed that is yellow also be round?

34. MAKING A CROSS with ___________________= ____________________ A Punnett square for a DIHYBRID CROSS looks like this: DIHYBRID CROSS TWO gene traits

35. Go to Section: Section 11-3 Figure 11-10 Independent Assortment in Peas

36. 1. ___________ what _________________ are 2. ________correct__________ square __________ 3. ______ possible_______________________ 4. ______ boxes with _____________________ 5. Determine ____________of_____________& ____________ LET’S MAKE A DIHYBRID CROSS HOMOZYGOUS YELLOW ROUND rryy HOMOZYGOUS GREEN WRINKLED Figure out parent alleles Choose Punnett size Put in parent gametes Fill in offspring combinations probabilities phenotypes genotypes RRYY

37. LAW OF __________________________ the factors are distributed to gametes independently of other factors INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT Image modified from: http://anthro.palomar.edu/mendel/mendel_1.htm

38. R R Y YR R Y Y HOMOZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE ? Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene ___________ ____________ _____________ _____________ R YR Y R YR Y R YR YR YR Y

39. r r y yr r y y HOMOZYGOUS WRINKLED GREEN PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE ? Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene ___________ ____________ _____________ _____________ r y r yr y r yr yr yr y

40. R r Y yR r Y y HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE ? Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene ___________ ____________ _____________ _____________ R YR Y r yr y r Yr YR yR y

41. ry RY 100% of offspring = _______ genotype _______________________ phenotype RrYy ROUND YELLOW RrYy RrYy RrYyRrYy RrYy RrYy

42. R r Y yR r Y yR r Y yR r Y y HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW MAKE ANOTHER CROSS X

43. POSSIBLE PARENT GAMETES? RYRY ryry RyRy rYrY

44. RYRyrYry RY Ry rY ry Sign of a ______________________ cross is a _____________ ratio in offspring. 9:3:3:1 ____ Round & Yellow ____ Round & green ____ Wrinkled & yellow ____ wrinkled & green 9 3 3 1 RRYY RRYy RrYYRrYy RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy heterozygous dihybrid

45. __________ratio is a clue that it’s a ____________________________cross ____ ____________ TRAIT 1 ; ____________ TRAIT 2 ____ ____________ TRAIT 1; _____________ TRAIT 2 9 3 3 1 9:3:3:1 HETEROZYGOUS TWO gene dominant dominant recessive recessive dominant recessive

46. PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for DIHYBRID CROSSES http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html

47. pure round & pure tall = __________ ____ ____ ___________ What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?   R R T T R T   R TR TR TR T

48. Heterozygous Tall = __________ & pure round ____ ____ ___________ What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?   T t R R T R   t Rt Rt Rt R

49. Hybrid tall = __________ & pure wrinkled ____ ____ ___________ What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?   T t r r T r   t rt rt rt r

50. Heterozygous tall = __________ & hybrid round ____ ____ ___________ What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?   T t R r T RT r   t rt rt Rt R

51. SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. Storage and transfer of genetic information LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things

52. Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED level: predict how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring High school students performing at the PROFICIENT level: explain how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring; High school students performing at the BASIC level identify that genetic traits can be transmitted from parents to offspring;

53. SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS 9-12.L.2.1A. Students are able to predict the results of complex inheritance patterns involving multiple alleles and genes. (SYNTHESIS) Examples: human skin color, polygenic inheritance LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 2: Analyze various patterns and products of natural and induced biological change.