2. 20 million people suffer from it (250,000 hip fractures a year) Decreased bone mass Increased susceptibility to fracture Hormones effect osteoblast production Afflicts entire skeletal system

3. Body build (shorter females at greater risk) Weight (adipose produces estrone) Smoking (decreases estrogen levels) Calcium deficiency or malabsorption Vitamin D deficiency Exercise (sedentary more at risk) Certain drugs (alcohol, diuretics, cortisone, tetracycline) Premature menopause Family history

4. Accelerated remodeling of bone tissue –Osteoclast resorption massive –Osteoblast formation extensive Irregular thickening and softening of bones Greatly increased vascularity, especially in skull, pelvis, and extremities

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6. Temporomandibular joint disease Often caused by trauma to jaw joints, genetics, or dental procedures Symptoms include facial pain, headaches, grinding of teeth, popping of jaw, and swallowing difficulties Not well defined in medical community

7. Repeated doses of a local anesthetic in the epidural space of he spinal area Produces almost pain-free awake state throughout labor and birth

8. Freedom from pain during labor and birth Does not produce drowsiness Little medication reaches baby May provide extra confidence

9. May slow labor Must remain in bed IV required Frequent monitoring required Catheterization required Probable forcep delivery Can interfere with maternal-infant bonding Totally dependant on hospital staff Extremely rare, serious risks to spine

10. Exaggeration of the thoracic curve

11. Tuberculosis of spine- –vertebral bodies partially collapse Degeneration of discs Rickets (lack of vitamin C) Poor posture Advanced osteoporosis

12. Exaggeration of the lumbar curve

13. Result of increased weight gain –Pregnancy or extreme obesity Poor posture Rickets Tuberculosis of spine

14. Lateral bending of the vertebral column

15. Congenital malformed vertebrae (birth defect) Chronic sciatica (pain down leg) Paralysis of muscles on one side of backbone Poor posture One leg shorter than other

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17. median nerve which runs through wrist to hand becomes compressed involves narrow bony passage in wrist called carpal tunnel, through which nine tendons and median nerve must pass

18. Bones composing arch of foot held by ligaments and tendons Weakened ligaments and tendons causes arch to “fall” Caused by excessive weight, postural abnormalities, weakened tissue, and genetic disposition

19. Deformity of great toe –Lateral division of proximal phalanx Can be inherited or caused by tight fitting shoes

20. Testicular tumor “face”