1. PLANTS

2. Characteristics 1. Multicellular 2. Eukaryotes 3. Photosynthesis
4. Cells walls have cellulose
5. Most  cuticle (waxy, waterproof coating)

3. 2 Types of Plants Nonvascular
Most primitive, rely on water coming to them
close to the ground
reproduce using spores
example: moss
Vascular
contain vascular tissue that transports water and minerals
 can grow tall
 vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)
example: oak tree

4. Parts of a Vascular Plant
1. Roots – penetrate soil  organ that absorbs water and minerals
2. Stem
a. Transport food, water, and other materials
b. Organs for food storage
c. Photosynthesis
Leaves
a. photosynthesis

5. Typical Reproductive Strategies
1. Seeds – organ that contain an embryo, food, & protective coat
2. Reproduce by spores/seeds

6. Which is vascular and which one is nonvascular?B.

7. 2 Groups of Vascular Plants
Gymnosperms
needlelike or scale-like seeds
reproductive structures in cones
most are evergreen, some are deciduous
prevents water loss
Examples: pine, spruce, and conifer trees
Angiosperms (vessel seed)
flowering plants
”vessel seed”
produce and store their seeds in an ovary (will become fruit)
examples: roses, apple trees, geraniums

8. Monocots
Grass, orchid and lily
Dicots
Shrubs, herbs, and veggies

9. MONOCOTS Angiosperms Single seed leaf (cotyledon)
 Leaf veins are parallel
flowers/petals grow in groups of 3

10. DICOTS Angiosperms 2 seed leaves (cotyledons)
Leaf veins are branched (net-like)
flowers/petals grow in groups of 4 or 5
Majority of flowering plants

11. Flower Reproductive organ of the plant Male and female parts
Stamen – male
Pistil - female

12. Plant Reproduction
Stamen  produces pollen & it moves away from plant (wind, pollinators)
Pistil  pollen lands on the pistil of another plant (called pollination)
 fertilizes the egg within the ovary (called fertilization)
 flower petals fall off
 ovaries develop into a fruit that encloses the seeds
Are fruits always edible? NO!
ex. Helicopters, acorns, dandelions

13. Asexual Reproduction Vegetative propagation Duplicate themselves
Strawberry plants send out runners  grow into new plants
Plant clippings can grow into new plants
Potato will grow into a new plant

14. Most plants reproduce sexually and asexually
Most have male and female parts

15. Germination
Seed begins to sprout (temperature and moisture changes)

16. Vascular Tissues • Xylem - transport of water and minerals (up)
• Phloem - transport of food (down)

17. Roots Taproots Accumulate & store food Beets, carrots Fibrous roots
Small branching roots from a central point
Prop roots
Originate from above
Help support it  corn

18. Stems Herbaceous stems Woody stems Green Soft, flexible Photosynthesis
Petunias, impatiens
Woody stems
Brown, made of wood
Hard, rigid
Trees, shrubs

19. Leaf Cross Section

20. Leaves
Transpiration: loss of water through the stomata (or stoma) on the leaves
Guard Cells – surround and control size of a stomata (or stoma); water movement by osmosis
Stomata – opens and closes; helps reduce water loss

22. Plant hormones
A chemical produced and transported to another part of the plant (change)
Auxins
Inhibit growth of side branches; cause delays
Gibberellins
Promotes growth; germination
Cytokinins
Stimulate cell division
Ethylene Gas
Promotes ripening (fruits)

23. Plant Tropisms +  moves toward stimulus -  moves away from stimulus
A plant’s response to an external stimulus
+  moves toward stimulus
-  moves away from stimulus
Phototropism – moves toward light (auxin on opposite side)

24. Gravitropism – response to gravity (stems = -) (roots = +)
Thigmotropism – response to touch
Nastic Movement – responsive movement; does not depend on the stimulus
(venus fly trap)

25. Growth Annuals – 1 life cycle in 1 growing season
Biennials – takes two growing seasons
Perennials – live several years; reproduce several times