1. Chapter 6: Religion (Part 1: Universalizing Religions) The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

2. Terms branch: a large and fundamental division within a religion denomination: is a division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body sect: a relative small group that has broken away from an established branch/denomination –heretic: one who disagrees with church doctrine sectarianism: conflict arising from perceived differences between subdivisions of a group adherents: a believer or supporter

3. Universalizing vs. Seeks to appeal to all proselytic = to attempt to convert, recruit tied to life of founder Ethnic Religions Appeals to a single group living in one place tied to phys. environment In general Holy Places Calendar Cosmogony Beliefs about origin of the universe Diffusion Both involve pilgrimages = religious journeys to sacred places Celebration of the founder’s life God creates nature/physical environment precise origins/hearth, tied to a specific founder usually widespread Celebration of the seasons God = nature incorporates events from phys. environment unclear or unknown origins, not tied to a specific founder, Ltd. diffusion, usually tied to geography of a location. Can diffuse thru relocation

4. World Religions Universalizing Major –Christianity (1) –Islam (2) –Buddhism Minor –Sikhism –Bahá’í Ethnic Hinduism (3) Chinese “folk” religions Confucianism Daoism Shinto Judaism Ethnic African religions –Animism

5. Christianity largest world religion –about 2 billion adherents –Many adherents in Europe, the Americas Three major branch es –Roman Catholicism (51% of all Christians) –Protestant Christianity (24%) Denominations include Lutheran, Baptist, Methodist, Anglican, Presbyterian, Episcopal etc. –Eastern Orthodox (11%) –Other (14%) Coptic (Egypt), Ethiopians, Mormons (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), Jehovah’s Witnesses

9. Christianity largest world religion –about 2 billion adherents –Many adherents in Europe, the Americas Three major branch es –Roman Catholicism (51% of all Christians) –Protestant Christianity (24%) Denominations include Lutheran, Baptist, Methodist, Anglican, Presbyterian, Episcopal etc. –Eastern Orthodox (11%) –Other (14%) Coptic (Egypt), Ethiopians, Mormons (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), Jehovah’s Witnesses Distribution of branches matches colonial patterns

10. World Distribution of Religions Figure 6-3

12. Distribution of Christians in the United States Figure 6-2

14. American Religious Concentrations. Why? Baptist → Southeastern U.S. –Largely indigenous religion = “American Calvinism” –At first, welcomed African-Americans who were rejected by mainline Protestantism –Later during Civil War Era Appeals to southern whites as manifestation of regional pride (supports slavery, white supremacism, etc.) Blacks leave to form breakaway churches but still self-identify as “baptist” –Therefore, Strong regional clustering of black and white southerners Lack of in-migration (due to little industrialization) maintains homogeneity of “baptists”

16. Distribution of Christians in the United States Figure 6-2

17. American Religious Concentrations. Why? Catholics –Northeast, Rust Belt Germans (some Southern Catholic) & Irish Catholics (mid-1800s) –Pushed by industrialization, stage 2 → overpop., lack of econ. opp. –Potato famine, British abuse/eviction from land Early 1900s immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe –Poles, Italians, other Catholics (+ Russian Jews) –Pushed by industrialization, stage 2 → overpop., lack of econ. opp. –Other cultural factors (see migration notes) Why Northern cities = Industrial jobs –Southwestern US/US-Mexican border Proximity to Latin American source area of origin since WWII –Latin America in stage 2 Farm laborers, illegal immigration How does this reflect Gravity model and Ravenstein’s laws?

19. Distribution of Christians in the United States Figure 6-2

20. American Religious Concentrations. Why? Lutherans → Upper Midwest/Northern Great Plains –Northern Germans and Scandinavians bring Lutheranism Cultural preadaptation attracted Northern Europeans to a climate and farmland similar to their homeland. –RRs and state govts. recruited farmers (mid-to-late 1800s) Chain migration occurred as relatives continued to arrive. –Remained dominant because of a lack of in-migration During the next great wave of European immigration (early 1900s), few new immigrants with different religions came to Northern Great Plains –lack of industrialization, urbanization and/or economic opportunity. –Physical environment is arid (lack of water) discouraged the in-migration of other religions (non-Lutherans)

22. Distribution of Christians in the United States Figure 6-2

23. American Religious Concentrations. Why? Mormons → Great Basin, Desert West, Utah –Internal migration for religious freedom, avoid persecution –Remained dominant because of a lack of in-migration Not industrialized/urbanized Inhospitable climate = very dry/arid desert.

25. Revised Christianity Map for North America

26. Origin of Christianity Hearth –“Holy Land”, Israel/Palestine, Jerusalem –Founder: Jesus –Jewish sect Diaspora spreads Jews Roman Empire –Eventually transforms into separate religion St. Paul → “Gentiles” –sect of Ethnic Judaism → Universalizing

27. Diffusion of Christianity To Europe –Roman Empire –relocation missionaries –contagious to “pagans” –Hierarchical Conversion of those in authority Global –Secondary hearths Roman Catholicism = Rome/Vatican City Orthodox = Constantinople/Istanbul Protestantism = Germany –Relocation Imperialism/migration

28. Christian Holy Places Relate to life of Christ –Jerusalem Golgotha (Calvary) Holy Sepulchre Via Dolorosa Gethsemane –Bethlehem (birth) –Nazareth (childhood) Later sites associated with saints and “miracles” –Examples Lourdes, France Fatima, Portugal

29. Christian Churches more critical than in other religions affects landscape –Tall, centrally located –Style reflects cultural influences –Orthodox = pointed domes Beliefs –Protestant = simple Availability of building materials

31. Christianity Calendar Relate to life of Jesus –Easter –Christmas Connected to Jewish/pagan seasonal holidays –Jesus was a Jew –Syncretic appeal to win pagan converts Differences between branches –Catholic use “Gregorian” –Orthodox use “Julian” Disposal of the Dead Burial –Church yard –Feet toward Jerusalem Cemeteries reflect religion on the cultural landscape Serve as green space in newly industrializing cities

33. Administration of space

34. Other effects on landscape toponyms

35. Islam 2 nd largest world religion –about 1.3 billion adherents –Fastest growing Two significant branches –Sunnis (83%) Widely dispersed across the Middle East, North Africa, South and Southeast Asia –Shias or Shiites (16%) Primarily clustered in Iran and southern Iraq, Azerbaijan and others –Split based on who should succeed Muhammad Later has ethnic dimensions Core of Islamic belief = the five pillars

36. Good map for overall spread, read worksheet post on website to fully understand methods of diffusion and explain on guided reading

39. Origin and Diffusion of Islam Muhammad –b. 570 AD in Mecca/Makkah –ministry 610 AD –hijra 622 AD to Yathrib/Medina –632 AD Reconquered Mecca (dies shortly afterward) Muhammad and early successors (caliphs) diffuse Islam through conquest Later spread through trade and other cultural interactions (see reading posted on website) –Example: diffused to Indonesia in 1200s through trade Physically separated from Islamic core area Today has the world’s largest Muslim population (know this fact)

41. Muslim Holy Places life of Muhammad –Kaaba in Mecca 5 th pillar = hajj –Pilgrimage to Mecca –What type of affects does the hajj have on the environment? –Medina Muhammad’s tomb –Dome of the Rock Muhammad’s night journey on Temple Mount

42. Islam Calendar Strict lunar calendar 30 year cycle –19 years = 354 days –11 years = 355 days Holidays shift annually Places of Worship Mosque –Community centers –Courtyard surrounded by buildings for different functions –Pulpit faces Mecca –Minarets muezzin calls to prayer Other distinctive traits –Calligraphy –arabesques

43. Buddhism About 400 million adherents –difficult to quantify due to syncretism the combination of different beliefs Three branches –Mahayana (56%) (China, Japan, Korea) –Theravada/Hinayana (38%) (Southeast Asia) –Tantrayana/Vajrayana (6%) (Tibet, Mongolia) The Four Noble Truths –“karmic/dharmic” religion –Goal is “nirvana” = release from cycle of rebirth

45. Origin and Diffusion of Buddhism Founder: –Siddhartha Gautama –NE India/Nepal –500s BCE –Becomes the Buddha The “awakened one” Emperor Asoka –converts to Buddhism –sends missionaries (mid 200s BCE ) –Traveled along silk road to China Becomes “Chinese” Diffuses further (bodhisattvas) –Disappears from India Absorbed by Hinduism (syncretism)

47. Holy Places of Buddhism Buddha’s life –b. Lumbini –Bodh Gaya reaches perfect wisdom –“nirvana” –Deer Park 1 st sermon –d. Kusinagara –4 other miracle sites

48. Buddhist Places of Worship pagodas and stupas stupas –Mark location of relics collected by Buddha’s followers in South Asia pagodas –Evolved from concept of stupa –Mostly found in China and Japan

49. Other Universalizing Religions SikhismBahá’í Adherents23 million7 million OriginLahore, PakistanShiraz, Iran Distribution /Diffusion Clustered in the Punjab, IndiaSpread to every continent CalendarHolidays are births and deaths of the ten gurus (historical) 19 months of 19 days Holy Places/ Houses of Worship Golden Temple at Amritsar On all continents to show universalizing nature. Open to adherents of all religions with scriptural recitals from various faiths Main idea (incl. prophet/fou nder etc.) Guru Nanak (ca. 1500 AD) Monotheistic, mixes Islamic egalitarianism with Hindu karmic traditions The Bab (1844 AD) Establish a universal faith Gods of other faiths = different manifestations of one true God