1. Eyelids
Anatomy:
Eyelids are thin movable curtains composed of skin on their anterior surface and mucus membrane (conjunctiva) on the posterior surface

2. Eyelids

3. The free margin of the eyelids contains:
1- The lashes (Cilia).
2- Grey line
3- Mucocutaneous junction.
4- Orifices of Meibomian glands.
5- Superior and inferior puncti of Naso- lacrimal system.

5. Muscles of the eyelids:
1- Orbicularis oculi muscle:
2- Levator palpebrae superioris muscle:
3- Superior palpebral muscle (Müller's muscle or superior tarsal muscle):

10. Glands in the eyelids: 1- Meibomian glands (Tarsal gland):
2- Zeis glands:
3- Glands of Moll:

13. Congenital anomalies of eyelids:
1- Ablepharon:
2- Ankyloblepharon:
3- Coloboma.
4- Blepharophimosis:
5- Epicanthus:

14. Congenital anomalies of eyelids:
1- Ablepharon:
2- Ankyloblepharon:
3- Coloboma.
4- Blepharophimosis:
5- Epicanthus:

15. Congenital anomalies of eyelids:
1- Ablepharon:
2- Ankyloblepharon:
3- Coloboma.
4- Blepharophimosis:
5- Epicanthus:

16. Abnormalities in shape and position:
1- Entropion:
a- Congenital:
b- Senile
c- Cicatricial
d- Spastic
2- Ectropion:
a- Congenital:
b- Senile
c- Cicatricial
d- Paralytic

18. 3- Blepharoptosis

19. 3- Blepharoptosis

20. 3- Blepharoptosis

21. 3- Blepharoptosis:
a- Congenital blepharoptosis:

22. 3- Blepharoptosis: b- Neurogenic blepharoptosis:
i- Oculomotor nerve palsy:
ii- Horner's syndrome
iii- Marcus Gunn Jaw-winking syndrome
iv- 3rd nerve misdirection:
why it is severe in (i) and mild in (ii)?

25. 3- Blepharoptosis: c- Myogenic blepharoptosis: i- Myasthenia gravis:
ii- Myotonic dystrophy.
iii- Ocular myopathy
iv- Simple congenital myogenic blepharoptosis
v- Blepharophimosis syndromes

27. 3- Blepharoptosis: d- Aponeurotic blepharoptosis:
i- Involutional (senile).
ii- Post operative.

29. 3- Blepharoptosis: e- Mechanical blepharoptosis:
i- Trachoma, VKC and eyelid tumor.
ii- Cicatricial (due to LS and superior rectus fibrosis).
iii- Trauma (collection of fluid).
iv- Iatrogenic by surgeons.
v- Lack of support (thisical or nanophthalmos

31. 3- Blepharoptosis:
Treatment of ptosis: The treatment is surgical except in myasthenia gravis, where the treatment is medical:
a- Levator resection.
b- Frontalis brow suspension (Sling operation).
c- Tarso-conjunctival resection (Fasanella servete procedure).

32. a- Levator resection.

34. b- Frontalis brow suspension (Sling operation).

36. c- Tarso-conjunctival resection

37. 4- Trichiasis:
a- Any cause leads to entropion of the eyelid  Pseudo- trichiasis.
b- Trachoma with or without entropion  True or pseudo- trichiasis.
c- Chronic blepharitis  True trichiasis.

38. Treatment: For isolated misdirection cilia (true trichiasis)
a- Epilation: Repeated every few weeks.
b- Electrolysis: Destruction to hair follicles by cauterization.
c- Cryosurgery: Destruction to hair follicles by freezing.
d- Laser ablation: Destruction to hair follicles by laser.

39. Treatment for pseudo-trichiasis
correction of entropion surgically.

40. 5- Blepharospasm:
Involuntary sustained closure of the eyelids which occurs spontaneously (essential) or by sensory stimuli (reflex).

41. 6- Madarosis:
Local Causes: chronic blepharitis, burns, radiation and infiltrating tumor.
Systemic causes: generalized alopecia, psoriasis, SLE, syphilis and leprosy.

42. The eyelids
Benign nodules and cysts:-

43. 1- Chalazion (Meibomian cyst):

44. Chalazion (Meibomian cyst):

45. 1- Chalazion (Meibomian cyst):

46. 2- Internal Hordeolum:
It is a small abscess caused by an acute staphylococcal infection of Meibomian glands.

48. 3- External hordeolum (Stye):

49. Marginal Chronic Blepharitis
Types of chronic blepharitis:
1- Anterior:
a- Staphylococcal infection.
b- Seborrheic dysfunction.
c- Mixed.
2- Posterior:
a- Meibomianitis.
b- Meibomian seborrhea.
3- Mixed

50. Pathogenesis of chronic blepharitis:
1- Anterior chronic staphylococcal blepharitis:
2- Anterior chronic seborrhoeic blepharitis: Neutral lipids break down by mycobacterium acne in to Bacterial lipase and irritating fatty acids responsible for increase of symptoms.
3- Posterior chronic blepharitis

51. Symptoms of chronic marginal blepharitis:
Burning
grittiness
mild photophobia
crusting and redness of the lid margin.
The symptoms are characterized by remissions and exacerbations. The symptoms usually worse in mornings.

52. Signs of anterior blepharitis:
hyperaemia
telangiectasia.
intrafollicular abscess may be present (staphylococcal blepharitis).
In longstanding cases the lid margin became scarred and hypertrophied, trichiasis, madarosis and occasionally poliosis (whitening of the eyelashes) will occur.
scales:

53. Two types of scales:
i- Staphylococcal blepharitis: Are hard and brittle and are centered around the lashses (collarettes).

55. Two types of scales:
ii- Seborrhoeic blepharitis: Are soft and greasy and located anywhere on lid margin or on the lashes.

56. Complications of anterior blepharitis:
a- External hordeolum (stye).
b- Tear film instability
c- Hypersensitivity to staphylococcal exotoxins  papillary conjunctival reaction, punctuate epitheliopathy and marginal keratitis.

57. Treatment: a- Lid hygiene:
b- Topical antibiotic ointment: fusidic acid or chloramphenicol.
c- Weak topical steroids:
d- Tear substitutes.

58. Signs of posterior blepharitis
a- Tear film instability.
b- Papillary conjunctivitis plus punctuate epitheliopathy.
c- Internal hordeolum.

59. Signs of posterior blepharitis

63. Treatment:
a- Systemic tetracyclines (as they affect Corynebacterium acnes) for 6-12 weeks:
c- Lid hygiene.
d- Topical steroids.
e- Tear substitutes.
f- Warm compresses to melt solidified sebum and mechanical expression (to evacuate meibomian glands from their contents).