1. 마스터 제목 스타일 편집 마스터 텍스트 스타일을 편집합니다 둘째 수준 셋째 수준 넷째 수준 다섯째 수준 Use of Model-Based Qualitative Icons and Adaptive Windows in Workstations for Supervisory Control Systems CHRISTINE M. MITCHELL and DONNA L. SAISI 정두호, 이병용

2. INTRODUCTION Supervisory Control Systems –The role of operators such as aircraft, process plants, and satellite control systems has changed greatly in recent years. –A major reason is the increasingly prevalent trend toward automation in the control of large complex systems. – 자동화로 소수의 운영자 필요 -> 운영자 한 사람의 책임이 커짐 -> human error 가 막대한 손실 가져옴 –Rasmussen, Since complexity depends on the operator interface representation, system complexity ultimately rests on the technology of the interface. The design of this type of operator interface has several prerequisites. 1. A model of the operator reflects the new supervisory control role of the human in complex automated systems. 2. An understanding of how operator decisions and the processes of decision-making and problem-solving relate to the design of the interface. 3. Workstation designers require a flexible set of relatively inexpensive tools to define an interface that acts as a real-time decision support system.

3. INTRODUCTION Several approaches proposing models of human decision-making and problem-solving. –Rasmussen primarily addresses decision-making in novel situations (rare events). –The operator function model (OFM) represents decision-making in the normal operator functions of monitoring, fine tuning, as well as predictable fault detection, diagnosis, and compensation. Two HCI technologies. 1. Computer-generated icons using color graphics terminals,. 2. Windowing systems for the display of multiple pages of information on the same physical screen. (1987) Qualitative icons 과 dynamic windows 인터페이스를 사용하고 operator function model 에 기반한 컨트롤을 수행했을 때 기존의 방법과 어떻게 다른지 평가하고자 한다.

4. GT-MSOCC –Georgia-Tech-Multisatellite Operations Control Center (GT-MSOCC), an interactive real-time discrete event simulation of the operator interface. –GT-MSOCC is a supervisory control system with automation. (automated scheduling, configures equipment, data transmission) Types of system events. –hardware failures –software failures –manual configuration requests for unscheduled spacecraft support –manual configuration requests to compensate for problems with the automated schedule and control system –manual deconfiguration request for equipment.

5. GT-MSOCC Conventional GT-MSOCC Workstation

6. DESIGN PROBLEMS WITH CONVENTIONAL WORKSTATIONS –Displays reflect a detailed understanding of hardware functions and measurable system variables => 운영자가 관심 없는 정보도 모두 표현 & 가장 상세한 정보를 같은 차원으로 표시 –There are several reasons for displays that more closely reflect hardware properties rather than operator function. 1. law of requisite variety 필수 다양성의 법칙, 다양한 output 에 대응하기 위해 다양한 source 가 필수적 2. display pages may be shared by several different operators with different functions. 3. designers are much more familiar with system hardware and software functions than with human operator functions. –5~9 chunks 이상은 WM 한계로 인지 어려움

7. A MODEL-BASED OPERATOR WORKSTATION A MODEL-BASED OPERATOR WORKSTATION USING QUALITATIVE ICONS AND DYNAMIC WINDOWS alphanumeric windows to support fault compensation qualitative icons windows to en able monitoring, fault detection and diagnosis (human operator functions support)

8. A MODEL-BASED OPERATOR WORKSTATION GT-MSOCC Operator Function Model

9. A MODEL-BASED OPERATOR WORKSTATION Selection of a Qualitative Iconic Representation and Alphanumeric Windows as Interface Technologies –Iconic Displays: the operator functions represented in the OFM indicated that information for monitoring was primarily qualitative: for each component in the network supporting a real-time satellite communication –Window Displays: Window management systems that control multiple overlapping windows on the same screen are a powerful new technology in interactive computer graphics (several pages of information on a single screen simultaneously, To be effective, window-based interfaces should facilitate simple and rapid movement between windows.)

10. A MODEL-BASED OPERATOR WORKSTATION the individual feature comprise the model-based GT-MSOCC –Monitoring and Fault Detection : The Spigot Icon

11. A MODEL-BASED OPERATOR WORKSTATION the individual feature comprise the model-based GT-MSOCC –Monitoring and Fault Detection : The Spigot Icon

12. A MODEL-BASED OPERATOR WORKSTATION the individual feature comprise the model-based GT-MSOCC –Fault Compensation : Alphanumeric Help Windows Additional Alphanumeric Windows Window Placement and Control

13. Experiment

15. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Interpretation of Results of the Main Effect –Even when significance was not achieved, all mean performance times followed the same trend. (On all measures, performance with the model-based workstation was uniformly better on average and had less variability than performance with the conventional workstation) –There were two surprises in this analysis. One was the difference in performance in the time to compensate for hardware failures. The lack of a significant difference in time to compensate for schedule conflicts caused by the automated scheduling and control system –The issue of workload is important. Effects of Random Factors –This experiment suggests that perhaps the workstation design can begin to ameliorate the effects of unavoidable random factors such as the variation in task demands and inter- operator variability typical of dynamic control systems.