2. Welcome to Class! 10-30 and 10-1 Complete the following:  Biomolecules 2-D Lab due  New entry “Role of Enzymes and Factors affect Enzymes”

3. Agenda  Lecture notes on Enzymes  Concept Maps  Homefun:  Study for your test on Monday Oct 5 and Tuesday Oct 6

4. Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

5. Chemical Reactions A chemical reaction changes one set of chemicals into another. reactants product reactant products

6. Energy in Reactions Chemical reactions that release energy occur spontaneously. Chemical reactions that absorb energy require a source of energy. Which reaction occurs spontaneously? Activation Energy

7. Enzymes Enzymes lower activation energy and speed up chemical reactions in cells.

8. Enzymes in the Body Carbonic anhydrase speeds up this reaction by a factor of 10 million.

9. The Enzyme-Substrate Complex Substrates Product

10. Active Site The active site of the enzyme and the substrate have complimentary shapes. SubstrateEnzyme

11. Active Site The active site of the enzyme and the substrate have complimentary shapes.

12. Enzyme! The Play Develop a short play or demonstration that illustrates how enzymes catalyze reactions.

13. Flow of energy through life Life is built on chemical reactions s2

14. Chemical reactions of life Processes of life – building molecules synthesis – breaking down molecules digestion ++ s3

15. Nothing works without enzymes! How important are enzymes? –all chemical reactions in living organisms require enzymes to work building molecules –synthesis enzymes breaking down molecules –digestive enzymes –enzymes speed up reactions ++ enzyme We can ’ t live without enzymes! s4

16. Enzymes are proteins Each enzyme is the specific helper to a specific reaction –each enzyme needs to be the right shape for the job –enzymes are named for the reaction they help sucrase breaks down sucrose proteases breakdown proteins lipases breakdown lipids DNA polymerase builds DNA Oh, I get it! They end in -ase s6

17. Enzymes aren’t used up Enzymes are not changed by the reaction –used only temporarily –re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules –very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions enzyme substrateproduct active site

18. Enzyme vocabulary Enzyme –helper molecule Substrate –molecule that enzymes work on Enzyme-substrate complex –enzyme & molecule temporarily joined Active site –part of enzyme that substrate molecule fits into s10

19. What affects enzyme action Correct protein structure –correct order of amino acids –why? enzyme has to be right shape Temperature –why? enzyme has to be right shape pH (acids & bases) –why? enzyme has to be right shape

20. 19 Metabolic Pathways enzyme 1enzyme 2enzyme 3enzyme 4 F enzyme 5 A B C D E Enzymes are very specific. In this case enzyme 1 will catalyze the conversion of A to B only. Notice that C can produce either D or F. This substrate has two different enzymes that work on it.

21. ATPADP + P i Energy Menu An anabolic reaction A catabolic reaction Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions

22. Regents Biology More about Enzymes: What Affects Enzymes

23. What affects how well an enzyme works? Correct protein structure –correct order of amino acids –why? enzyme has to be right shape Temperature –why? enzyme has to be right shape pH –why? enzyme has to be right shape

24. Enzyme concentration Effect on rates of enzyme activity –as increase amount of enzyme = increases how fast the reaction happens more enzymes = more frequently they collide with substrate

25. Enzyme concentration amount of enzyme reaction rate What’s happening here?!

26. Substrate concentration amount of substrate reaction rate What’s happening here?! s17

27. 37° Temperature temperature reaction rate What’s happening here?!

28. Temperature Effect on rates of enzyme activity –Optimum temperature greatest number of collisions between enzyme & substrate human enzymes = 35°- 40°C (body temp = 37°C) –Raise temperature denature protein = unfold = lose shape –Lower temperature T° molecules move slower decrease collisions s19

29. 7 pH reaction rate 20134568910 stomach pepsin intestines trypsin What’s happening here?! 11121314

30. pH Effect on rates of enzyme activity –pH changes protein shape –most human enzymes = pH 6-8 depends on where in body pepsin (stomach) = pH 3 trypsin (small intestines) = pH 8 s21

31. Regents Biology For enzymes… What matters? SHAPE!

32. Student Worksheet Answers