1. The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses

2. Lymphatic System Video

3. The Lymphatic System  Two parts  Lymphatic vessels  Lymphoid tissues and organs  Lymphatic system functions  Transport fluids back to the blood  Play essential roles in body defense and resistance to disease  Absorb digested fat at the intestinal villi

4. Lymphatic Characteristics  Lymph – excess tissue fluid carried by lymphatic vessels  Properties of lymphatic vessels 1.One way system toward the heart 2.No pump 3.Lymph moves toward the heart  Milking action of skeletal muscle  Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in vessel walls

5. Lymphatic Vessels

6.  Lymphatic collecting vessels  Collects lymph from lymph capillaries  Carries lymph to and away from lymph nodes  Returns fluid to circulatory veins in thoracic region  Right lymphatic duct (right arm and right side of head and thorax)  Thoracic duct (rest of body)

7. Lymph  Materials returned to the blood  Water  Blood cells  Proteins  Harmful materials that enter lymph vessels  Bacteria  Viruses  Cancer cells  Cell debris

8. Lymph Nodes  Filter lymph before it is returned to the blood  Defense cells within lymph nodes  Macrophages – engulf and destroy foreign substances  Lymphocytes – provide immune response to antigens

9. Lymph Nodes  Kidney shaped and less than 1 inch  Buried in connective tissue  Surrounded by fibrous capsule with extending strands called trabeculae that divide the node into a number of compartments  Inside is reticular connective tissue

10. Lymph Nodes  Cortex (outer part of node) contains follicles that house lymphocytes  Follicles have dark-staining centers called germinal centers  Enlarge when B cells are generating plasma cells  Macrophages are located in cords of the central medulla  Lymph enters convex side of lymph node through afferent lymphatic vessels  Flows through sinuses  Exits from node at its hilum (indented region) via efferent lymphatic vessels

11. Other Lymphoid Organs  Several other organs contribute to lymphatic function  Spleen  Thymus  Tonsils  Peyer’s patches

12. The Spleen  Located on the left side of the abdomen  Filters blood  Destroys worn out blood cells  Forms blood cells in the fetus  Acts as a blood reservoir

13. The Thymus  Located low in the throat, overlying the heart  Functions at peak levels only during childhood  Produces hormones (like thymosin) to program lymphocytes

14. Tonsils  Small masses of lymphoid tissue around the pharynx  Trap and remove bacteria and other foreign materials  Tonsillitis is caused by congestion with bacteria

15. Peyer’s Patches  Found in the wall of the small intestine  Resemble tonsils in structure  Capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine

16. Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)  Includes:  Peyer’s patches  Tonsils  Other small accumulations of lymphoid tissue  Acts as a guard to protect respiratory and digestive tracts

17. Body Defenses  The body is constantly in contact with bacteria, fungi, and viruses (pathogens)  The body has two defense systems for foreign materials  Nonspecific defense system (Innate Defense)  Mechanisms protect against a variety of invaders  Responds immediately to protect body from foreign materials  Specific defense system (Adaptive Defense)  Specific defense is required for each type of invader  Also known as the immune system

18. Nonspecific Body Defenses  Body surface coverings  Intact skin  Mucous membranes  Specialized human cells  Chemicals produced by the body

19. Surface Membrane Barriers – First Line of Defense  SKIN!  Physical barrier to foreign materials  pH of the skin is acidic to inhibit bacterial growth  Sebum is toxic to bacteria  Vaginal secretions are very acidic

20. Surface Membrane Barriers – First Line of Defense  Stomach mucosa  Secretes hydrochloric acid  Has protein-digesting enzymes  Saliva and lacrimal fluid contain lysozyme (enzyme that destroys bacteria)  Mucus traps microogranisms in digestive and respiratory pathways

21. Defensive Cells  Phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages)  Engulfs foreign material into a vacuole  Enzymes from lysosomes digest the material  Natural killer cells  Can lyse and kill cancer cells  Can destroy virus- infected cells

22. Inflammatory Response  Triggered when body tissues are injured  Produces four cardinal signs  Redness  Heat  Swelling  Pain  Results in a chain of events leading to protection and healing

23. Functions of the Inflammatory Response  Prevents spread of damaging agents  Disposes of cell debris and pathogens  Sets the stage for repair

24. Antimicrobial Chemicals  Complement  A group of at least 20 plasma proteins  Activated when they encounter and attach to cells (complement fixation)  Damage foreign cell surfaces  Will rupture or lyse the foreign cell membrane

25. Antimicrobial Chemicals - Interferon  Secreted proteins of virus- infected cells  Bind to healthy cell surfaces to inhibit viruses binding  Commonly used as therapeutics  Termed alpha, beta, and gamma  Used to treat hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma, laryngeal papillomatosis, genital warts, & chronic granulomatosis disease

26. Fever  Abnormally high body temperature  Hypothalmus heat regulation can be reset by pyrogens (secreted by white blood cells)  High temperatures inhibit the release of iron and zinc from liver and spleen needed by bacteria  Fever also increases the speed of tissue repair

27. Specific Defense: The Immune System  Antigen specific – recognizes and acts against particular foreign substances  Systemic – not restricted to the initial infection site  Has memory – recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens

28. Immune Deficiency: AIDS HIV targets cells Retrovirus attaches to CD4 receptors of T helper cells –Transmission: Body fluids, i.e., blood, semen, breast milk, vaginal secretions

29. Time Course of the Progression of AIDS after HIV Infection

30. AIDS Progression Phase I: few weeks to a few years; flu like symptoms, swollen lymph nodes, chills, fever, fatigue, body aches. Virus is multiplying, antibodies are made but ineffective for complete virus removal Phase II: within six months to 10 years; opportunistic infections present, Helper T cells affected, 5% may not progress to next phase Phase III: Helper T cells fall below 200 per cubic millimeter of blood AND the person has an opportunistic infection or type of cancer. Person is now termed as having “AIDS” May include pneumonia, meningitis, tuberculosis, encephalitis, Kaposi’s sarcoma, and non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma

31. AIDS Pandemic More than 36 million infected with HIV worldwide Most infections in sub-Sahara of Africa Increasing spread in Asia and India Most often spread by heterosexual contact outside U.S.