2. Crusades Five crusades Retake Holy Land Spread Christianity First of the five crusades very successful Latter four not so successful

3. Background 1095, Pope Urban II Redirect violent energies outsides of Europe European Unity Perceived enemy Did succeed in driving Muslims out of Europe

4. First Crusade 1095 1099 – Pope Urban II Arrived in Jerusalem in 1099 and massacred Muslims Several small crusade states created ruled by Frankish overlords Some small attempts to expand

6. Challenges of Organizing Crusades Language barriers Leadership Fighting styles and military backgrounds

7. 1101 Three separate waves that attempted to expand Crusade of the Faint-Hearted Defeated by the Turks

8. Second Crusade 1147-1149 Called for by Germany and France Marched upon Jerusalem in 1147 Did have more success in Portugal Huge amount of violence against Jews and Muslims

9. Third Crusade 1187-1192 Sultan Saladin unites Muslim Overwhelmed Christian holdings in 1187 King Richard Lion-Heart of England King Frederick of Germany King Philip of France Richard re-conquered minor coastal cities

10. Saladin (Ghassan Massoud)

11. Fourth Crusade Venice supplied ships Alexius III – Constantinople Doomed Byzantine Empire 1450, Turks overtook Byzantine

12. Apologetics How does Christianity account for such violence Acknowledge the gruesome truth Distinguish worldly Church from heavenly Church (Augustine) Alternatives (Other religions, atheism, etc.)