1. A P United States History Chapter 4

2. American Communities: African Slaves Build Their Own Communities in Coastal Georgia Georgia plantation owners depended on a big slave trading empire in order to get the workers they needed for rice cultivation Slaves forced their masters to work on a task system which gave them more control over their time Some ran away and others directly attacked their masters Most stayed on the plantation and created communities that sustained their African cultures often considered “Nations within a Nation”

3. The Beginning of African Slavery Europeans had a long history of keeping household slaves. By the early 15 th century the pope and others expressed disapproval of keeping Christians as slaves 1441 Portugal exploited this loophole and relied on African slave labor to work the sugar plantations in the Caribbean and Americas The sugar plantations dominated the world market and created a vast demand for slave labor First slaves from West Africa came from polygamous societies that has a sophisticated system of agriculture Slavery was an established institution in Africa (though not always a permanent one)

4. The African Slave Trade Largest forced migration in history 10-11 million African slaves came to the New World (only 1 in 20 to the United States) Europeans made arrangements with local headman and chiefs and bought slaves from local African traders Most were taken by African armies or slavers from their villages or in battle Slaves were collected in baracoons and separated from families and branded 1 out of every 6 slaves died during the middle passage Once they arrived in the Americas they were humiliated and sold like cattle at public auctions Slave trade devastated interior African Kingdoms and made them dependant on European goods This eventual dependence opened the door for the colonization of Africa

5. The Development of North American Slave Societies Slavery expanded greatly in the 18 th century 1770 20 percent of the British population in North America was African or African American First arrived in 1619 in small numbers After Bacon’s Rebellion and other social conflicts on the 1670’s colonial leaders saw slavery as a way on insuring social peace As slavery became more important you see the legal status of slaves becoming more clearly defined Tobacco becomes a chief export in 18 th century America by 1730 in the Chesapeake area the slave population had achieved a self-sustaining growth

6. The Development of North American Slave Societies Cont. Lower south, by mid 1700’s the economy was based on the growing of indigo and rice Large plantations dominated the society and 60% of the population was black Spaniard’s had doubts about the morality of slavery but need the labor force for their Cuban sugar plantations Spanish Florida becomes a refuge for fugitive slaves from British colonies In Mexico the Spanish used Indian slaves French settlers in the Gulf Coast region used slaves but they only made up 1/3 of the population North of Chesapeake slavery was a urban phenomena. Quakers in Pennsylvania and New Jersey were among the earliest colonist to opposed slavery

7. African to African American North American slave population becomes “Creole”- native-born- and create an African American culture Since their was no real effort to Christianize slave until after the 1760’s they maintained their African traditions in several parts of their lives (burials, festivals, etc.) Africans and Indian culture was also influencing the white man’s culture. New foods, words, music, etc. Slavery based on the use of force and violence slaves developed ways to resist. Breaking tools, running away, etc. These helped them to maintain a rebellious spirit

8. Slavery and Empire Slavery helped create the conditions for industrialization European New World ventures created vast amount of riches from the plantations and the slave trade. This in turn stimulated a growth in manufacturing, commerce, and the textile industry Established the principles of mercantilism Trade was regulated in order to insure maximum accumulation of wealth. This put them in conflict with other empires British, Spanish and French fought over their colonial empires in a series of wars The British established a series of regulations known as the Navigation Acts. This was suppose to stop merchants from other nations from trading with their colonies. Certain things were not allowed to be done in the colonies. British did not enforce their restrictions to the detriment of trade, pursuing a policy of “Salutory neglect.” Colonial economy grows rapidly and port cities become part of a new expanding trade network, linking slave plantations with the Atlantic markets

9. Slavery and Freedom Slavery created a small elite society of wealthy planters in the south and a comfortable urban population in the north Wealthy Virginians start getting into politics and a similar group of southern plantation owners reside in Charleston ½ of white males were small farmers and the gap steadily increased between the plantation owners and them 40% of the population owned no land Poor whites still had a tremendous advantage over slaves Laws said a mother determined the status of a baby being a free person or a slave Laws were made to ensure that the white man’s status was privileged over others