1. with pollen & microfossils indicating warm temps.

2. http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/images/eol/2003/owenslake.html http://www.epa.gov/region09/air/owens/ http://www.owensvalleyhistory.com/ov_aqueduct1/page19.html Amazon.com

3. The Himalayan glaciers feed seven of the great rivers of Asia (the Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, Salween, Mekong, Yangtze and Huang He) and supply fresh (melt) water runoff to 1/3 of the world’s population (~ 2 billion people). http://assets.panda.org/downloads/glacierspaper.pdf http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Himalayas.jpg Global warming and freshwater supply in Asia…

4. Most people, if you describe a train of events to them, will tell you what the result would be. They can put those events together in their minds, and argue from them that something will come to pass. There are few people, however, who, if you told them a result, would be able to evolve from their own inner consciousness what the steps were which led up to that result. This power is what I mean when I talk of reasoning backwards, or analytically." Sherlock Holmes: A Study in Scarlet, p. 57 Reconstructing climates is detective work.

5. http://www.research.noaa.gov/spotlite/archive/images/liquidgold_treering.jpg https://www.e-education.psu.edu/gened/egee101/Examples/109_temperature_new.html http://www.aims.gov.au/pages/research/darwin/dhwqmp/dhwq-200-03.html Natural archives

6. http://banana.ifa.hawaii.edu/Weather/weather_station.gif Price of rye in Germany vs. time expressed as an index. (Source: Lamb, 1995) http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/lia/little_ice_age.html Instrumental or historical archives

7. Sediment accumulates in “low spots”

8. http://iodp.tamu.edu/scienceops/maps/iodp_odp_dsdp.gif http://www.usssp-iodp.org/Education/One_core.html

9. What are the sediment archives and what can they tell us? Sediment ArchiveProxy Indicator of coarse sand fraction of biogenic materialsurface and deep water environmental conditions lithic grains (ice-rafted debris)glacial activity on land volcanic ashvolcanic activity on land

10. Azolla: freshwater fern spore http://www.water.sannet.ne.jp/nirei/palynology/zukan/spore01.jpg pollen http://www.immediart.com/catalog/images/big_images/NS_PN_B786630-Pollen_grain,_ESEM-SPL.jpg Biological clues

11. Polar type The dominant planktonic species, indicating presence of cool surface waters Non-polar types T.G. Developmental Steps in SST History

12. http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/children/minerals/potplant.htm Illite clay: physical weathering Kaolinite clay: chemical weathering http://www.ualberta.ca/~jwaldron/gallerypages/wavetide.html Types physical and compositional evidence of past environments

15. http://www.koshland-science-museum.org/exhibitgcc/historical10.jsp http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_core

16. http://the-periodic-table.org/printable.gif

17. Determining age – isotopic decay “clocks”

20. http://www.geo.arizona.edu/Antevs/nats104/00lect11.html Determining age – counting backwards (seasonal or annual layers)

21. Determining age – matching to known patterns magnetic pole reversal pattern http://www.geo.arizona.edu/palynology/geos462/pmabutlr.gif

22. Determining age – matching to known patterns Glacial-interglacial cycles

23. Resolution of record - How detailed can you get? depends on sedimentation (accumulation) rate

24. http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/207_IR/chap_06/c6_f7.htm Resolution of record - How detailed can you get? depends on how disturbed archive is

25. What archives you use depends on the timespan you are trying to reconstruct. And – the more clues the better – aim for amultiproxy approach.