1. 5-HT T LPR S ALLELE SHORTY SADNESS

2. DEPRESSION (MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER) Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either subjective report or observation made by others. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day. Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain, or decrease or increase in appetite nearly every day. Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt nearly every day Diminished ability to think or concentrate or indecisiveness, nearly every day

3. WHO GETS DEPRESSED? People that are stressed? Threat Loss Humiliation Defeat … Ya… I’d be depressed too

4. ARE THERE DIFFERENCES? Depressed Individuals differ from Non-Depressed Individuals in the way they process emotional cues: Hyperactivity of the limbic system Diminished ability of the prefrontal cortex to modulate limbic responses to negative stimuli

5. WHERE TO START? Serotonin System Drugs already target the system 5-HT T particularly Promoter Region of the 5-HT T gene Located on 17q11.2 Modified by sequence elements within the proximal 5’ regulatory region 5-HT T LPR) 2 alleles (“s” and “l”) The “s” allele has been associated with lower transcriptional efficiency of the promoter than the “l” allele.

6. BACKGROUND 1 Altered timing of amygdala activation during sad mood elaboration as a function of 5-HT T LPR Furman et al. (2011) SCAN 6: 270-276

7. AMYGDALA ACTIVITY Rise Time to Peak Phobic patients exhibit shorter rise time in response to spiders Individuals high in behavioral inhibition exhibit earlier onset of activity in response to novel faces Decay Rate Slowed in depressed individuals responding to personally negative words Magnitude of response was not observed to be changed

8. THE EXPERIMENT 49 Girls (34 s carriers and 15 homogenous l carriers) Aged 10-15 years old No current or previous DSM-IV Axis I disorder Trained interviewers assessed the diagnostic status of the girls Saliva genotyping 1 minute baseline Exposed to 1 of 3 movies Asked if they had experienced the scene 1-5 sad/happy scale

9. TASK-RELATED ACTIVATION Fig. 1 Fig. 2

10. LATENCY TO PEAK

11. BACKGROUND 2 Influence of Life Stress on Depression: Moderation by a Polymorphism in the 5-HT T Gene Caspi et al. (2003) Science 31: 386-389

12. GENE-BY-ENVIRONMENT Authors cite that “Evidence for an association between the shorter promoter variant and depression is inconclusive.” There is the possibility of G X E interaction Mice with disrupted 5-HTT (+/- and -/-) exhibited more fearful behavior and increased adrenocorticotropin in response to stress when compared to (+/+) controls, but in the absence of stress, no differences were observed. In rhesus macaques, with analogous genes, the short allele is associated with decreased serotonergic function among monkeys reared in stressful conditions but not among normally reared monkeys. Humans with one or two copies of the s allele exhibit greater amygdala neuronal activity to exhibit greater amygdala neuronal activity to fearful stimuli compared to individuals homozygous for the l allele.

13. THE EXPERIMENT 1037 children (52% male) Assessed at ages 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 18 and 21 96% intact at age 26 Separated by genotype Stressful life events were assessed Assessed for past-year depression at 26 Contacted “someone who [knew them] well” for additional assessment

16. MAIN EVENT Increased vulnerability to psychosocial stress in heterozygous serotonin transporter knockout mice Bartolomucci et al. (2010) Disease Models & Mechanisms 3: 459-470

17. THE GOAL Previous studies have used 5-HT T knockout mice as a model of human allelic variation in 5-HT T function, specifically, heterozygous (+/-) 5-HTT knockout mice. The problem? Mice do not carry a regulatory promoter region orthologous to 5- HT T LPR. Wait… what? The authors used these mice in an established animal model of psychosocial stress-induced depression-related disorders. In the process, the authors hoped to model the increased vulnerability to adult chronic psychosocial stressors conferred by a partial genetic deficiency in 5-HT T.

18. FIG 1: PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES INDUCED BY CHRONIC PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS

21. FIG 2 DEPRESSION OF LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY INDUCED BY CHRONIC PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS

22. FIG 3: SOCIAL AVOIDANCE IN STRESSED 5-HT T +/- MICE

25. FIG 4: THE LEVEL OF AGGRESSION RECEIVED PREDICTS BEHAVIORAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS

28. FIG 5: INCREASED SOCIAL AVOIDANCE IN 5-HT T +/- MICE RECEIVING A HIGH LEVEL OF DAILY AGGRESSION

30. FIG 6: DECREASED SEROTONIN TURNOVER IN THE FRONTAL CORTEX OF STRESSED 5-HT T +/- MICE

32. FIG 7: EFFECT OF GENOTYPE AND STRESS ON 5-HT T BINDING

33. Fin.