1. 3.17 Prenatal Procedures ( Sec 4.6 pg 130)

2. We now have technologies that can determine the health of a baby before it is born. This helps parents prepare for the needs of the baby.

3. Ultrasound High frequency sound waves are sent through the womb. The way that they reflect back is used to create a picture of the baby to determine its health. (like radar)

4. Amniocentesis A syringe is used to remove some amniotic fluid, which contains cells from the baby (old skin cells). A karyotyping and/or DNA analysis can be done on these cells. This is only done on high-risk pregnancies.

5. Chorionic Villus Sampling A catheter is inserted into the womb to remove a very tiny piece of the placenta, for DNA analysis and/or karyotyping.

6. Egg collection Done before in vitro fertilization, to screen for healthy eggs.

7. 3.18 Reproductive Technologies (Sec 4.7 pg 134)

8. Although reproduction seems simple and straightforward there are still things that can prevent a couple from becoming pregnant. As a result, different technologies have been developed to help couples become pregnant. Each has a specific set of problems it tries to address, and each has its own ethical considerations.

9. Fertility drugs: Problem solved Problems with ovulation, poor fertility rate. MethodIncreases the amount of eggs that mature each menstrual cycle. EthicsOften results in multiple births. If there are too many developing fetuses, some are often aborted so that the others survive.

10. Artificial Insemination/ Intrauterine Insemination Problem solved Low sperm count, poor fertility rate. MethodUse a catheter and syringe to deliver the sperm into the vagina (AI), or the uterus (II) EthicsIf the sperm count is too low, you may use someone else’s sperm (sperm bank).

11. Gamete Intrafallopian transfer Problem solved Low sperm count, poor fertility rate. MethodAn egg is removed from the ovary and placed in the oviduct (fallopian tube) along with the males sperm. Fertilization occurs within the oviduct as usual. EthicsYou may use someone else’s egg or sperm if yours are not healthy.

12. In Vitro Fertilization Problem solved Low sperm count, poor fertility rate, unhealthy uterus. MethodAn egg is removed from the ovary and placed in a petri dish along with the males sperm. Fertilization occurs within the petri dish and the embryo is re-inserted to the uterus. EthicsYou may use someone else’s egg or sperm if yours are not healthy. You may use a surrogate mother if the uterus is not healthy.

14. Intra-cytoplasmic Sperm Injection Problem solved Extremely low sperm count MethodA single sperm is injected directly into the egg of the female to fertilize it. EthicsYou may use someone else’s sperm if you have none.