1. Conversions and Significant Figures Kelley Kuhn Center for Creative Arts

2. Dimensional Analysis ► One unit can be converted to another by using a conversion factor. ► (Unit A)(conversion factor) = Unit B ► Conversion factors are created by using the expression that expresses the relationship between the two units. For example:  1 foot = 12 inches, so the conversion factor will be 1foot or 12 inches 12 in 1 foot 12 in 1 foot The correct choice shall be the one that allows for the cancellation of the units.

3. Practice Conversions ► Convert the following quantities from one unit to another using the following relationships. ► 1 m = 1.094 yd1 mile = 1760 yd1 kg = 2.205 lbs ► 30 m to mil ► 1500 yd to mil ► 206 mil to m ► 34 kg to lbs ► 34 lb to kg

4. Density Density is an important physical characteristic in Chemistry. It is often used to aid in the identification of unknown solids and liquids. Density = mass/volume Because liquids are frequently used in the lab setting, a volume measured in graduated cylinder can be used to determine the mass using density. Mass = (density)(volume)

5. “Certainty” in Measurement ► When visually reading the measurement using a lab tool such as a graduated cylinder or meter stick, there is always a certain degree of uncertainty in the recorded quantity. The reading may fall between two divisions on the scale and an estimate must be made in order to record the final digit.

6. Example of Uncertainty  When reading a graduated cylinder, the lowest point on the curve of the liquid is read as the volume. What is the volume of this liquid? meniscus 20 15 Because the eye can discriminate the approximate distance between the 17 th and 18 th mls, this number must be recorded and is said to be uncertain. The actual volume would be recorded as 17.3 mls +/-.2 mls.

7. Significant Figures ► The certain and uncertain numbers that must be recorded are called significant figures. ► Significant figures (sigfigs) are important for accurately conveying experimental data. ► Sigfig rules help to identify which numbers have meaning and which are simply placeholders.

8. Significant Figure Rules ► All non-zero integers are counted as significant figures. ► Leading zeros are those that precede all of the non-zero integers and are NEVER counted as significant figures. ► Captive zeros are those that fall between non-zero digits and are ALWAYS counted as sigfigs. ► Trailing zeros are those at the end of a number and ONLY significant if the number is written with a decimal. ► EXACT numbers have an unlimited number of significant figures. (Exact numbers are those which are as a result of counting or by definition, such as 1kg = 2.205 lbs.) ► In scientific notation, the 10 x part is NEVER significant.

9. Using Sigfigs in Calculations ► When multiplying or dividing, limit the answer to the same number of significant figures that appear in the original data with the fewest number of sigfigs. ► When adding or subtracting, limit the answer to the same number of decimal places that appear in the original data with the fewest number of decimal places.

10. Let’s Try It! ► How many sigfigs in these numbers?  0.00970, 130400, 0.203040, 7.650 x 10 -8  3, 4, 6, 4 Record the answer to the following in correct sigfigs. 10.045 +.33.00976 – 0.0100 (34.00)(0.001)76.2/0.1000