1. Frankenstein Modern Prometheus Pick up an “Anticipating Themes” Worksheet and respond to each statement. *DID EVERYONE EMAIL ME THEIR ROTAM REFLECTIVE ESSAY???* If you forgot, please email it to me by 5PM tonight since it was technically 2 minutes ago. You are given this lag time because I forgot to write on the blog: “EMAIL papers: no hard copies necessary.”

2. Mary Shelley  Born in 1797 to William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft  Her mother died shortly after Mary was born  Shelley learned about her mother only through writings her mother left behind, including A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) which advocated that women should have the same educational opportunities as rights in society as men.

3. Mary Shelley  Avid reader and scholar and knew through her father some of the most important men of the time (William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge)  Married (scandal!) Percy Bysshe Shelley in 1816 and listened intently to his intellectual conversations with others

4. Mary Shelley  On a visit in Switzerland with PBS to Lord Byron, she was challenged to write a story. She had heard Byron and Shelley discussing “the nature of the principle of life and whether there was any chance of its ever being discovered.” From this conversation, she had the “waking dream” which eventually became the novel Frankenstein.

5. Historical Context  Ambiguous Walton’s letters dated “17-” with no reference to anything specific to pinpoint the date.  It is set in the latter part of the 18 th century, at the end of the Enlightenment and the beginning of the Romantic period.  It critiques the excesses of the Enlightenment and introduces the beliefs of the Romantics.  Reflects a shift in social and political thought – from humans as creatures who use science and reason to shape and control their destiny to humans as creatures who rely on their emotions to determine what is right.

6. Ideas of the Enlightenment  Scientific observation of the outer world  Logic and reason; science and technology  Believed in following standards and traditions  Appreciated elegance and refinement  Interested in maintaining the aristocracy  Sought to follow and validate authority  Favored a social hierarchy  Nature should be controlled by humans

7. Important Revolutions  American and French Revolution (call for individual freedom and an overthrow of rigid social hierarchy)  Industrial Revolution – social system challenged by change from agricultural society to industrial one with a large, impoverished and restless working class

8. Characteristics of Romantic Period  Emphasis on imagination and emotion, individual passion and inspiration  Rejection of formal, upper class works and a preference for writing (poetry) that addresses personal experiences and emotions in simple, language  A turn to the past or an inner dream world that is thought to be more picturesque and magical than the current world (industrial age)

9. Characteristics of Romantic Period  Belief in individual liberty; rebellious attitude against tyranny  Fascination with nature; perception of nature as transformative

10. Characteristics of Romantic Period  Concerned with common people  Favored democracy  Desired radical change  Nature should be untamed

11. Style: Gothic Novel  Frankenstein is generally categorized as a Gothic novel, a genre of fiction that uses gloomy settings and supernatural events to create and atmosphere of mystery and terror.  Shelley adds to her development of the plot the use of psychological realism, delving into the psyches of the characters in and attempt to explain why they react as they do and what drives them to make their decisions.

12. Structure and Point of View Epistolary – carried by letters Frame Story

13. What is a frame story? How is the story told?  Outer frame is formed by letters and (toward the end) notes of Captain Walton, writing to his sister.  The major inner frame (pp. 14-155) consists of Frankenstein’s narrative to Captain Walton.  Pages 70-104 frame the most inward space of the inner frame, the tale told by the Monster to Victor Frankenstein, and reported to Walton.

14. The Modern Prometheus  Prometheus, a figure from Greek mythology.  A Titan who stole fire from the Gods and gave it to humanity, initiating all the arts of human civilization but angering the Gods, especially Zeus.  In various versions of the myth, Prometheus was also held to have been the creator of humankind, molding human beings from clay, and guarding humanity against the angry Gods.  For his actions, however they are construed, Prometheus was severely punished by Zeus. The most influential account from classical antiquity, Zeus chained Prometheus to Mount Caucasus and set upon him an eagle (in other versions a vulture) who each day ate away at his liver which would be regenerated by night.  Mary Shelley's novel unifies all strands of the myth in a complex, multifaceted form.

15. Major Characters  Victor Frankenstein  The Creature  Henry Clerval  Elizabeth  Robert Walton

16. The creation of the monster… Let’s look back at Chapter 5. Pay close attention to the words Victor uses to describe his creation. What is his reaction?

17. The Creature  Quickly go through the text and write down all of the words that are used to describe the creature (good pages to begin: 35, 36, 50, 51, 52 – I’m sure there are more!)  Think about characterization of the monster: who is describing him in that way and why? Does it affect our perspective?

18. Chs. 8 & 9: Poor Justine!  What happened to Justine?  Why did Victor let her take the fall?  Do you think he was justified?

19. Subjects  Consequences of irresponsibility in the pursuit of knowledge  Consequences of pride  Consequences of society’s rejection of someone who is unattractive  Destructive power of revenge  Parent-child conflicts  Sympathy

20. Antithesis-Contrasts of ideas, characters, themes, settings or moods  Victor/creation  Passion/reason  Natural/unnatural  Known/unknown  Civilized/savage  Masculine/femi nine  Beautiful/ugly  Good/bad  Light/dark  Heat/cold

21. Allusion  Paradise Lost by John Milton – story of man’s fall from innocence to painful knowledge; Victor can be compared to Adam, Satan, and Eve  The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, like narrator, tells story as a warning and a confession

22. Homework 1. Poetry Response #3 2. Read pages 71-104 (chapters 11- 16)