1. Paper 3 – Russia 1853-1924

2. Lesson 3a – Alexander II’s Reforms Essential Question To what extent does Alexander II deserve the title “Tsar Liberator?” Learning Outcomes - Students will:  Preview – Why did he do it?  Learn about the success and failures of Alexander’s other reforms Success Criteria I can figure out how to challenge the question

3. Preview  Based on our previous lesson on serf emancipation:  Why do you think Alexander did it?  For the peasants?  For him?  For the rich?

4. Vocab  Zemstvo Reform  Military Service Reform  Pg. 43~73 2 Lessons

5. Reform – local gov’tReform – local gov’t  Zemstvo Reform - 1864  Created locally elected gov’t/Duma elected by peasants, city inhabitants and landowners  Nobles given more weight  Responsible for local affairs, like education, health, etc…  Ex. 1912 – est. 40,000 primary schools, 2000 hospitals  A. B. Lokhvitsky – “ did not signify local interests and local gov’t, but only types of taxes collected by local gov’t officials ”

6. Reform - LegalReform - Legal  Pre-1855 – trials were in secret, did not have legal representatives  Alexander II – create a justice system that was “swift, fair, merciful and equal”  Created a system where all Russians were equal under the law  Representatives and juries (nobility)  Provided a court of appeal  Considered innocent until proven guilty  Result: Limited success  3 rd Section could still operate  Lacked lawyers  Not used everywhere ex. Not in Poland

7. Reform - MilitaryReform - Military  Pre-1855 – lessons from the Crimean War  25 year conscription, mostly serfs  Poorly equipped  45% of national budget  1874 – Military Service Reform  Conscription for all Russians, including nobles  6 year service, but shorter if educated  Abolished corporal punishment  Elementary education for soldiers  Results: somewhat successful  Literacy rates increased  Military results  Ex. 1877-78 – defeat the Ottoman Empire in a war  1904-5 – lose the Russo-Japanese war

8. Reform - EconomicReform - Economic  Centralization of Treasury  1860 – state bank is created, which financed the transfer of land to the serfs  Annual budgets for departments  Expanded the railway system  1862 – 3532 km  1878 – 22,498 km  Results: somewhat successful  6% growth rate  Boost in agriculture  Rise of the Middle-class and proletariat

9. To what extent does Alexander II deserve the title “Tsar Liberator?”  What does the question ask?  Most people would say  These are the reasons he was a liberator  These are the reasons he was NOT  How could you challenge this question?  Ex. Any clarifying terms? Adjectives? Liberator? Did he want to give more freedom to Russians? Did he wish to strengthen his own power? Did he give up any of his power?

11. Lesson 3b – Alexander II’s Reforms Essential Question To what extent does Alexander II deserve the title “Tsar Liberator?” Learning Outcomes - Students will:  Preview – Change or Continuity?  Learn about the treatment of the Poles  Find the values and limits of different perspectives of Alexander’s reign Success Criteria I can look at different perspectives on our essential question

12. Preview  What were the 3 pillars under Nicholas I?  On his death bed, Nicholas tells Alexander to “Hold onto everything”  Has Alexander II followed a similar policy or a different one?

13. Vocab  Dmitri Tolstoy  Loris-Melikov  Duma Pg. 43~73 2 Lessons

14. Treatment of MinoritiesTreatment of Minorities  Poles  Late 1850s – Alexander II gave amnesty to those Poles who resisted Russia, gave Poles positions in gov’t  1862 – restored all powers taken away by Nicholas I  Restored Catholic bishops and Polish right to elect local officials  1863 – Poles organize rebellion to Poles conscription into the Russian army, which spreads to the Baltics  1864 – Alexander crushes resistance  Ends Polish autonomy  Publicly executed 128 rebels and deported 12,000 to Siberia  Church property was confiscated How much reform would Alexander allow with minorities?

15. Reactionary Change?Reactionary Change?  1866 as the turning point Argument  1866, a radical student attempted to assassinate Alexander. This shook Alexander to become more repressive and conservative  Can divide Alexander’s reign into 2 periods 1.1855~66 – liberal phase 2.1866-81 – conservative phase  1866 - Replaces liberal ministers with more conservative  Ex. Conservative Dmitri Tolstoy is named education minister  Clamped down on university independence  Reduces the freedom of the press and increases censorship  Expands the power of the 3 rd Section  150,000 opponents are sent to Siberia

16. Reactionary Change?Reactionary Change?  Problem – J. Bromley believes this argument is to simplistic and ignores some latter liberal policies  Ex. 1870s political violence – would execute radicals and appoint a liberal Minsiter of the Interior, Loris-Melikov, who replaced Tolstoy, abolished the 3 rd Section  1870 – creates the Duma (Russian Parliament)  J. Bromley – Alexander attempted “controlled reform”  A limited programme of reforms had been achieved by 1866 and “it was time for the state to exert some discipline to keep the process under control

17. Liberator or not?Liberator or not? Historian/Perspec tive Liberator or not?Problem? Soviet Perspective Liberated the serfs to benefit the nobles. Therefore, his reforms were motivated by economic reasons Blum argues that serfdom remained profitable for both sides Marxists have an idea and find evidence to support it Bruce Lincoln“The concept of the state embodied in the person of the autocracy was in no way altered” Ignores the long term impact of his reforms, which did change autocratic rule A.J. RieberReform was solely motivated by military considerations, in order to protect the state Too narrow and simplistic Intentionalist – David Saunders “the laws which freed the serfs emerged from a process that the Tsar barely understood and over which he had only partial control” – Alexander saw the problems, tried to fix them, but wasn’t capable Ignores the structure of the Russian state and its resistance to change To what extent does Alexander II deserve the title “Tsar Liberator?” Which is correct?

18. Works CitedWorks Cited 1. IB History – Russia, 2010. Web. 23 Dec 2015 2.Malloy, James A.. “N.A. Miliutin and the Zemstvo Reform of 1864”. Études Slaves et Est-Européennes / Slavic and East-European Studies 14 (1969): 83–102. Web. 22 December 2015 3.Smitha, Frank, “Polish Resistance,” Macrohistory and World Timeline, 2015. Web. 23 Dec 2015 4.Waller, Sally, Imperial Russia, Revolutions and the Emergence of the Soviet State 1853-1924, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Print