1. Chapter 4 States of Matter

2. Key Vocabulary Matter Matter Solid Solid Liquid Liquid Viscosity Viscosity Gas Gas Surface tension Surface tension Thermal energy Thermal energy Temperature Temperature heat heat Melting Melting Freezing Freezing Vaporization Vaporization Condensation Condensation Pressure Pressure Buoyant force Buoyant force Archimedes’ Principle Archimedes’ Principle Density Density Pascal’s principle Pascal’s principle

3. Foldable Pyramid Fold Pyramid Fold Side 1 Side 1 Solid Solid Side 2 Side 2 Liquid Liquid Side 3 Side 3 Gas Gas

4. What is matter? Anything that has mass and takes up space Anything that has mass and takes up space Give me some examples of matter Give me some examples of matter

5. States of Matter 3 common states 3 common states Solid, Liquid, Gas Solid, Liquid, Gas 1 rare state 1 rare state Plasma- found in stars, lightning, and neon lights Plasma- found in stars, lightning, and neon lights Common in the universe, but uncommon on earth Common in the universe, but uncommon on earth

6. Solids Matter with a definite shape and volume Matter with a definite shape and volume Particles are moving in vibration patterns that are not seen by the naked eye Particles are moving in vibration patterns that are not seen by the naked eye Amorphous Solids Amorphous Solids Have no definite crystal structure Have no definite crystal structure Examples: rubber, plastic, glass Examples: rubber, plastic, glass Crystalline Solids Crystalline Solids Particles arranged in repeated 3-D structures called crystals Particles arranged in repeated 3-D structures called crystals Examples: Sodium Chloride (cube), diamond (pyramidal) Examples: Sodium Chloride (cube), diamond (pyramidal) Other examples: Sugars, sand, snow Other examples: Sugars, sand, snow

7. Connection Amorphous solids are like lemons in a bowl Amorphous solids are like lemons in a bowl Crystalline solids are like eggs in a carton Crystalline solids are like eggs in a carton

8. What is a Liquid? Has a definite volume, but no definite shape Has a definite volume, but no definite shape Takes the shape of any container it is poured into Takes the shape of any container it is poured into Particles move freely and allow shape changes Particles move freely and allow shape changes

9. Viscosity A liquid’s resistance to flow A liquid’s resistance to flow High viscosity means that the liquid is very thick and does not run well High viscosity means that the liquid is very thick and does not run well Example: molasses Example: molasses Low viscosity means that the liquid pours easily Low viscosity means that the liquid pours easily Example: water Example: water

10. Surface Tension The uneven forces acting on the surface of a liquid The uneven forces acting on the surface of a liquid Cause the liquid to act as though there is a thin film across the surface Cause the liquid to act as though there is a thin film across the surface This unseen force allows bugs to float on the surface of a liquid This unseen force allows bugs to float on the surface of a liquid Believe it or not, you can actually float a needle on water due to surface tension Believe it or not, you can actually float a needle on water due to surface tension

11. Surface Tension Lab Question: Can you place more drops of water on the surface of a penny than what will simply fit on the face of the penny? Question: Can you place more drops of water on the surface of a penny than what will simply fit on the face of the penny? Hypothesis: If…Then…Because Hypothesis: If…Then…Because 1 drop at a time place water onto the surface of a penny 1 drop at a time place water onto the surface of a penny When the surface tension breaks, record the number of drops in the data section of your science journal When the surface tension breaks, record the number of drops in the data section of your science journal Repeat 3 times for accuracy Repeat 3 times for accuracy

12. Gases Matter that does not have a definite shape or volume Matter that does not have a definite shape or volume Particles are farther apart than in any other common state Particles are farther apart than in any other common state Can be expanded or compressed Can be expanded or compressed Decreasing the volume (compressing) moves the molecules closer together Decreasing the volume (compressing) moves the molecules closer together

13. What is energy? The ability to do work or make a change The ability to do work or make a change We will focus on the ability to make a change now We will focus on the ability to make a change now Ability to do work comes after the holidays Ability to do work comes after the holidays The energy associated with motion is called kinetic energy The energy associated with motion is called kinetic energy The chance that an object might exert energy is potential energy The chance that an object might exert energy is potential energy

14. Thermal Energy The total potential and kinetic energy The total potential and kinetic energy Depends on the amount of energy in a substance as well as how much of a substance is present Depends on the amount of energy in a substance as well as how much of a substance is present

15. Temperature The average kinetic energy of a substance The average kinetic energy of a substance What is the difference between temperature and thermal energy? What is the difference between temperature and thermal energy?

16. Heat The movement of thermal energy from an object with more kinetic energy to an object with less kinetic energy The movement of thermal energy from an object with more kinetic energy to an object with less kinetic energy When a substance gains heat, it gets warmer When a substance gains heat, it gets warmer When a substance is cooled, it looses heat When a substance is cooled, it looses heat What happens to the particles when they are cooled? What happens to the particles when they are cooled?

17. Specific Heat The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1 degree Celsius The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1 degree Celsius

18. State Changes Get out your pyramid foldable Get out your pyramid foldable We are going to complete the sides of the pyramid in the next few minutes We are going to complete the sides of the pyramid in the next few minutes

19. Melting When an object absorbs thermal energy When an object absorbs thermal energy The increase in thermal energy causes the substance to change from solid to liquid The increase in thermal energy causes the substance to change from solid to liquid Amorphous solids do not change like other solids Amorphous solids do not change like other solids They simply get softer and moldable See figure 10 on page 109

20. Freezing When a substance looses thermal energy When a substance looses thermal energy The substance changes from liquid to solid The substance changes from liquid to solid The temperature at which a substance freezes is known as freezing point The temperature at which a substance freezes is known as freezing point

21. Vaporization When a liquid gains thermal energy When a liquid gains thermal energy Changes from a liquid to a gas Changes from a liquid to a gas Example: Water boiling into vapor Example: Water boiling into vapor 2 types of vaporization 2 types of vaporization Boiling- air bubbles form within the liquid and rise to the surface Boiling- air bubbles form within the liquid and rise to the surface Evaporation- water at the surface vaporizes, occurs at temperatures below the boiling point Evaporation- water at the surface vaporizes, occurs at temperatures below the boiling point

22. Vaporization Demo I will place one drop of rubbing alcohol on the back of your hand I will place one drop of rubbing alcohol on the back of your hand In your science journal, record your observations for the next 2 minutes In your science journal, record your observations for the next 2 minutes What happened? What happened?

23. Condensation Decrease in thermal energy rearranges the pattern of a gas Decrease in thermal energy rearranges the pattern of a gas Causes the gas to turn into liquid Causes the gas to turn into liquid

24. Sublimation Change from solid form to a gas state without ever becoming a liquid Change from solid form to a gas state without ever becoming a liquid Example: Example: At room temperature carbon dioxide is a gas Dry Ice is the solid form of carbon dioxide At room temperature, dry ice instantly turns into a gas

25. Pressure Equal to the force exerted on an object divided by the area over which the force is exerted Equal to the force exerted on an object divided by the area over which the force is exerted Measured in SI Unit: Measured in SI Unit: Force is measured in Newtons (N) Force is measured in Newtons (N) Area is measured in square meters (m 2 ) Area is measured in square meters (m 2 ) Therefore pressure is N/m 2 or a unit called the Pascal (Pa) Therefore pressure is N/m 2 or a unit called the Pascal (Pa)

26. Atmospheric Pressure The air around you presses on your with a great force, you are just used to the pressure so you don’t feel it The air around you presses on your with a great force, you are just used to the pressure so you don’t feel it Atmospheric Pressure on earth is 101.3Pa at sea level Atmospheric Pressure on earth is 101.3Pa at sea level This is equal to 101,000 N This is equal to 101,000 N Air pressure enables you to drink from a straw Air pressure enables you to drink from a straw Sucking on the straw eliminates the air in the straw Sucking on the straw eliminates the air in the straw The air pressure then pushes the liquid up the straw where there is no longer air pressure pushing downward The air pressure then pushes the liquid up the straw where there is no longer air pressure pushing downward

27. Using a Straw

28. Why don’t you feel the pressure? The atmosphere pushes with equal force on the outside of your body as the liquid in your body pushes outward The atmosphere pushes with equal force on the outside of your body as the liquid in your body pushes outward As altitude increases, air pressure decreases As altitude increases, air pressure decreases When you rise in an airplane or go up a mountain your ears pop. Why? When you rise in an airplane or go up a mountain your ears pop. Why?

29. Effects of Volume and Temperature As volume decreases, pressure increases As volume decreases, pressure increases As Temperature increases, pressure increases also As Temperature increases, pressure increases also Bernoulli’s Principle Demo- observe and record in your science journal Bernoulli’s Principle Demo- observe and record in your science journal What will happen when I place the ping-pong ball on the air current? What will happen when I place the ping-pong ball on the air current? What will happen if I tilt the air current? What will happen if I tilt the air current? What will happen if I decrease the air pressure? What will happen if I decrease the air pressure?

30. Buoyant Force An upward force that presses against an object being pushed downward by air pressure and weight An upward force that presses against an object being pushed downward by air pressure and weight If the buoyant force is equal to the combined forces, the object will float If the buoyant force is equal to the combined forces, the object will float Archimedes’ Principle- the buoyant force of an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object Archimedes’ Principle- the buoyant force of an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object

31. Density The density of an object is crucial as to whether it will float The density of an object is crucial as to whether it will float Density is mass divided by the volume Density is mass divided by the volume An object that is less dense than the fluid will float An object that is less dense than the fluid will float An object that is more dense than the fluid will sink An object that is more dense than the fluid will sink An object that is equally as dense as the fluid will neither sink nor float, but remain in the same position in the water An object that is equally as dense as the fluid will neither sink nor float, but remain in the same position in the water

32. So how do things float? If density determines the buoyancy of an object, what two factors must be considered to make an object float? If density determines the buoyancy of an object, what two factors must be considered to make an object float? How do you need to modify these factors to make an object float? How do you need to modify these factors to make an object float?

33. Hydraulic Systems What do you think of when you hear the word hydraulic? What do you think of when you hear the word hydraulic? Look at figure 25 on page 122 Look at figure 25 on page 122 The force applied to the piston on the left increases the pressure in the tube The force applied to the piston on the left increases the pressure in the tube The increase in pressure is sent to the piston on the right The increase in pressure is sent to the piston on the right Let’s read the last paragraph on page 122 Let’s read the last paragraph on page 122

34. Chapter Experiment: Build a Boat Get into your science teams Get into your science teams Question: How does the volume of water displaced by a ship relate to the mass of cargo a ship can carry? Can you create a ship that can float on water and carry cargo? Question: How does the volume of water displaced by a ship relate to the mass of cargo a ship can carry? Can you create a ship that can float on water and carry cargo? Hypothesis: If…then…because Hypothesis: If…then…because Procedures: Write your own procedures for this lab Procedures: Write your own procedures for this lab

35. Build-A-Boat Conclusions A ship can only carry a certain amount of cargo safely A ship can only carry a certain amount of cargo safely It can carry less high-density cargo than high-density cargo It can carry less high-density cargo than high-density cargo