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11 Muscles of the Body
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Muscles of the Body Repitition Repitition……………….
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I. Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles
A. Convergent - origin of the muscle is broad B. Parallel - fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle C. Unipennate - fascicles insert into one side of the tendon D. Bipennate - fascicles insert into the tendon from both sides E. Multipennate - fascicles insert into large tendon from all sides F. Circular - Fascicles are arranged in concentric rings
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Convergent (pectoralis major) Circular (orbicularis oris) Fusiform
(biceps brachii) (a) (e) (b) (c) Unipennate (extensor digitorum longus) Parallel (sartorius) (d) (f) (g) Multipennate (deltoid) Bipennate (rectus femoris) 4
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II. Muscle Actions and Interactions
A. Agonist (or a prime mover) ► Has major responsibility for a certain movement B. Antagonist ► Opposes or reverses a movement C. Synergist ► helps the prime mover by adding extra force ► and reducing undesirable movements D. Fixator ► A type of synergist that holds a bone firmly in place
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III. Muscle Compartments of the Limbs
A. Dense fibrous connective tissue divides limb muscles (leg and arm) into compartments B. Muscles in the same compartment have similar actions C. Muscles in the opposing compartment are antagonists D. Each compartment is innervated by a single nerve Example: muscles of the forearm anterior compartment ► flexors of the wrist posterior compartment ► extensors of the wrist
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Extensors Flexors (b) Posterolateral compartment Extensors Ulna Radius Flexors Anteromedial compartment 8
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Muscles
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Repitition Repitition……………….
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Repitition Repitition……………….
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12 Facial Epicranius, frontal belly Head Orbicularis oculi Temporalis
Zygomaticus Masseter Neck Orbicularis oris Platysma Shoulder Sternohyoid Trapezius Sternocleidomastoid Thorax Deltoid Pectoralis minor Pectoralis major Arm Serratus anterior Triceps brachii Intercostals Biceps brachii Brachialis Abdomen Forearm Rectus abdominis Pronator teres External oblique Brachioradialis Internal oblique Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Transversus abdominis Pelvis/thigh Thigh Iliopsoas Tensor fasciae latae Pectineus Sartorius Adductor longus Thigh Gracilis Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Leg Fibularis longus Extensor digitorum longus Leg Gastrocnemius Tibialis anterior Soleus 12
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13 Neck Epicranius, occipital belly Splenius capitis
Sternocleidomastoid Splenius cervicis Trapezius Levator scapulae Shoulder Rhomboid minor Deltoid Rhomboid major Infraspinatus Arm Teres major Triceps brachii Brachialis Rhomboid major Forearm Triangle of auscultation Brachioradialis Latissimus dorsi Extensor carpi radialis longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi ulnaris Hip Extensor digitorum Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Thigh Iliotibial tract Adductor magnus Gracilis Hamstrings: Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Leg Gastrocnemius Soleus Fibularis longus Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon 13
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Naming of Muscles
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Naming the Skeletal Muscles
► Location Example: the brachialis is located on the arm ► Shape Example: the deltoid is triangular ► Relative size – Maximus vs. minimus; longus vs. brevis Example: gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus
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► Direction of muscle fibers
rectus = parallel oblique = angle Example: rectus abdominis; external oblique ► Location of attachments—point of origin and insertion Brachi = arm (humerus) radialis = radius Example: brachioradialis
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► Number of origins Two, three, or four “heads” Example: biceps, triceps, and quadriceps ► Action The action is part of the muscle’s name Example: Flexor radialis and adductor longus
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Muscles of the Head
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Frontal Occipital Temporalis Trapezius Splenius capitis Masseter
Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius Splenius capitis 19
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Orbicularis oculi Levator labii superioris Zygomaticus minor and major
Buccinator Risorius 21
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Mentalis Depressor anguli oris Platysma Orbicularis oris Depressor
labii inferioris Depressor anguli oris Platysma 23
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Frontal Occipital Orbicularis oculi Levator labii superioris
Temporalis Zygomaticus minor and major Buccinator Masseter Risorius Sternocleidomastoid Orbicularis oris Mentalis Trapezius Depressor labii inferioris Splenius capitis Depressor anguli oris Platysma 25
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Temporalis Orbicularis oris Masseter Buccinator 27
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Muscles of Mastication and Tongue Movement
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Tongue Styloglossus Stylohyoid Thyrohyoid Styloid process Hyoid bone
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Muscles of Anterior Neck and Throat
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Mylohyoid Stylohyoid Hyoid bone Sternohyoid Sternocleido- mastoid
Omohyoid (superior belly) Sternohyoid Sternocleido- mastoid Omohyoid (inferior belly) 33
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Anterior belly Digastric Posterior belly Stylohyoid (cut) Thyrohyoid
Thyroid cartilage of the larynx Thyroid gland Sternothyroid 35
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Mylohyoid Anterior belly Stylohyoid Digastric Hyoid bone
Posterior belly Omohyoid (superior belly) Stylohyoid (cut) Thyrohyoid Sternohyoid Thyroid cartilage of the larynx Sternocleido- mastoid Thyroid gland Omohyoid (inferior belly) Sternothyroid 37
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Muscles of Anterior Neck
Platysma (cut and reflected) Mylohyoid Anterior belly Digastric Stylohyoid Posterior belly Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage of the larynx Thyrohyoid Superior belly Sternocleidomastoid Omohyoid Inferior belly Thyroid gland Sternothyroid Sternohyoid 39
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Muscles of Head Movement
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1st cervical vertebra Middle scalene Sternocleido- mastoid Anterior
Mastoid process Middle scalene Sternocleido- mastoid Anterior scalene Posterior scalene Anterior 41
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Anterior 42
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Mastoid process Splenius capitis Splenius cervicis Posterior 43
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Posterior 44
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Muscles of Neck and Vertebral Column
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Mastoid process of temporal bone Longissimus capitis Iliocostalis
cervicis Longissimus cervicis Iliocostalis thoracis Longissimus thoracis 46
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Iliocostalis Erector spinae Longissimus Spinalis Iliocostalis lumborum
External oblique 48
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Ligamentum nuchae Semispinalis capitis Semispinalis cervicis
thoracis Quadratus lumborum 50
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Ligamentum nuchae Mastoid process of temporal bone Semispinalis
capitis Longissimus capitis Semispinalis cervicis Iliocostalis cervicis Longissimus cervicis Semispinalis thoracis Iliocostalis thoracis Longissimus thoracis Iliocostalis Erector spinae Longissimus Spinalis Iliocostalis lumborum Quadratus lumborum External oblique 52
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Muscles of Breathing
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External intercostal Internal intercostal 55
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Diaphragm Xiphoid process of sternum Foramen for inferior vena cava
esophagus Costal cartilage Diaphragm Foramen for aorta Lumbar vertebra Quadratus lumborum 56
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Muscles of Abdominal Wall
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Serratus anterior Transversus abdominis Internal oblique
External oblique Aponeurosis 58
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Pectoralis major Linea alba Rectus abdominis Inguinal ligament 60
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Pectoralis major Serratus anterior Linea alba Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis Internal oblique External oblique Aponeurosis Inguinal ligament 62
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External oblique Rectus abdominis Internal oblique Transversus
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Superficial Muscles of the Anterior Thorax
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Sternocleidomastoid Deltoid Pectoralis major Sternum Biceps brachii 66
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Subclavius Clavicle Subscapularis Pectoralis minor Coracobrachialis
Serratus anterior Humerus 68
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Sternocleidomastoid Subclavius Clavicle Subscapularis Deltoid
Pectoralis minor Pectoralis major Coracobrachialis Sternum Serratus anterior Biceps brachii Humerus 70
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Superficial Muscles of the Posterior Thorax
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Trapezius Deltoid Rhomboid minor Rhomboid major Latissimus dorsi 73
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Levator scapulae Supraspinatus Clavicle Spine of scapula Infraspinatus
Teres minor Teres major Humerus 75
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Levator scapulae Supraspinatus Trapezius Clavicle Deltoid
Spine of scapula Rhomboid minor Infraspinatus Rhomboid major Teres minor Teres major Humerus Latissimus dorsi 77
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Superficial Muscles of the Back
Deeper muscles Levator scapulae Trapezius Supraspinatus Rhomboid minor Deltoid Spine of scapula Teres minor Teres major Infraspinatus Triangle of auscultation Rhomboid major Latissimus dorsi 79
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Muscles of the Shoulder and Upper Arm
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Clavicle Deltoid Sternum Pectoralis major Coracobrachialis
Anterior view 81
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Anterior view 82
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Lateral head Triceps brachii Long head Medial head Biceps brachii
Brachialis Brachioradialis Anterior view 83
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Anterior view 84
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Clavicle Deltoid Sternum Pectoralis major Coracobrachialis
Lateral head Triceps brachii Long head Medial head Biceps brachii Brachialis Brachioradialis Anterior view 85
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Anterior view 86
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Deltoid muscle Humerus 87
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Muscles Crossing the Shoulder and Elbow Joint
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Supraspinatus Deltoid (cut) Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major
Posterior view 89
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Posterior view 90
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Triceps brachii Lateral head Long head Latissimus dorsi Anconeus
Posterior view 91
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Posterior view 92
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Supraspinatus Deltoid (cut) Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major
Triceps brachii Lateral head Long head Latissimus dorsi Anconeus Posterior view 93
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Posterior view 94
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Muscles of the Forearm
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Movements of the wrist, hand, and fingers
anteriomedial compartment ► flexors and pronators ► flexors mainly originate from medial epicondyle of humerus ► mostly named by origin/insertion e.g. flexor digitorum posterolateral compartment ► extensors and supinator ► extensors mainly originate from lateral epicondyle of humerus ► mostly named by origin/insertion e.g. extensor carpiradialis
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Superficial Muscles of Anterior Forearm
► Flexor digitorum superficialis (alone) ulna ► Flexor carpi ulnaris ► Palmaris longus ► Flexor carpi radialis ► Pronator teres ► Brachioradialis radius
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SUPERFICIAL Muscles of right anterior forearm - supinated
Palmar aponeurosis Flexor retinaculum Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor carpi ulnaris Palmaris longus Flexor carpi radialis Pronator teres Brachioradialis Medial epicondyle of humerus 98
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SUPERFICIAL Muscles of right anterior forearm - supinated
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Deeper Muscles of Anterior Forearm
ulna ► Pronator quadratus ► Flexor digitorum superficialis ► Flexor pollicis longus ► Extensor carpi radialis longus radius ► Supinator
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DEEPER Muscles of right anterior forearm - supinated
Pronator quadratus Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor pollicis longus Extensor carpi radialis longus 101
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DEEPER Muscles of right anterior forearm - supinated
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Deepest Muscle of Anterior Forearm
► Thenar muscles of the pollex (thumb) ► Flexor digitorum profundus ► Supinator
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DEEPEST Muscles of right anterior forearm - supinated
Thenar muscles of thumb Flexor digitorum profundus Supinator 104
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DEEPEST Muscles of right anterior forearm - supinated
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Superficial Muscles of Posterior Forearm
(NOTE: forearm in pronated position) top ► Extensor pollicis longus ► Abductor pollicis longus ► Extensor digitorum ► Extensor carpi ulnaris ► Extensor carpi radialis brevis ► Anconeus ► Extensor carpi radialis longus bottom
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SUPERFICIAL Muscles of right posterior forearm - pronated
Extensor pollicis longus Abductor pollicis longus Extensor digitorum Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi radialis brevis Anconeus Extensor carpi radialis longus 107
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SUPERFICIAL Muscles of right posterior forearm - pronated
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Deep Muscles of Posterior Forearm
(NOTE: forearm in pronated position) radius ► Extensor pollicis brevis ► Extensor pollicis longus ► Extensor indicis ulna ► Supinator ► Anconeus
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DEEP Muscles of right posterior forearm - pronated
Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor pollicis longus Extensor indicis Supinator Anconeus 110
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DEEP Muscles of right posterior forearm - pronated
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Some Special Muscles of the Hand
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Some Special Muscles of the Hand
(NOTE: hand in the anterior position) top ► Third lumbrical ► Fourth lumbrical ► Abductor digiti minimi bottom
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Hand muscles - anterior view of right hand.
Third lumbrical Fourth lumbrical Abductor digiti minimi Pisiform bone Superficial layer 114
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Hand muscles - anterior view of right hand.
Superficial layer 115
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Some Special Muscles of the Hand
(NOTE: hand in the anterior position) top ► Second lumbrical ► First lumbrical ► Adductor pollicis ► Flexor pollicis brevis ► Abductor pollicis brevis ► Abductor pollicis longus bottom
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Hand muscles - anterior view of right hand.
Second lumbrical First lumbrical Adductor pollicis Flexor pollicis brevis Abductor pollicis brevis Flexor retinaculum Abductor pollicis longus Superficial layer 117
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Hand muscles - anterior view of right hand.
Superficial layer 118
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Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee
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Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee
top ► Quadratus lumborum ► Psoas minor ► Psoas major ► Iliacus ► Tensor fasciae latae bottom
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Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee
Quadratus lumborum Psoas minor Psoas major Iliacus Tensor fasciae latae 121
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Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee
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Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee
top ► Sartorius (crossing) (The Quadriceps) ► Vastus lateralis ► Rectus femoris ► Vastus intermedius ► Vastus medialis bottom
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Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee
Sartorius Vastus lateralis Rectus femoris Vastus intermedius (below) Vastus medialis Tendon of quadriceps femoris 124
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Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee
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Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee
top ► Pectineus ► Adductor longus ► Gracilis ► Adductor magnis bottom
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Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee
Pectineus Adductor longus Gracilis Adductor magnus Patellar ligament 127
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Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee
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Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee
Quadratus lumborum Psoas minor Psoas major Iliacus Tensor fasciae latae Sartorius Pectineus Adductor longus Vastus lateralis Rectus femoris Gracilis Vastus intermedius (below) Adductor magnus Vastus medialis Tendon of quadriceps femoris Patellar ligament 129
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Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee
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Posterior Muscles of Hip and Thigh
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Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee
top ► Adductor magnus ► Gracilis ► Semimembranosus ► Semitendinosus bottom
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Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.
Adductor magnus Gracilis Semimembranosus Semitendinosus 133
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Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.
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Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee
top ► Gluteus medius ► Gluteus maximus (gluteus minimus deep) ► Biceps femoris (short head deep) ► Semitendinosus bottom
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Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.
Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus (Gluteus minimus deep) Iliotibial tract Biceps femoris Long head (short head deep) 136
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Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.
( ) 137
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Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.
Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus (Gluteus minimus deep) Adductor magnus Gracilis Semimembranosus Iliotibial tract Semitendinosus Biceps femoris Long head (short head deep) 138
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Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.
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Posterior superior iliac spine Iliac crest Safe area in
gluteus medius: ventral gluteal site Gluteus maximus Sciatic nerve Ventral gluteal site 140
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Inguinal ligament The femoral Adductor triangle longus (within dashed
outline) Adductor longus Sartorius Vastus lateralis Lateral thigh site 141
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Muscles of Anterior Compartment of the Leg
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Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Leg
top (medial) top ► Fibularis longus Gastrocnemius ► Tibialis anterior Soleus ► Fibularis longus bottom ► Extensor digitorum longus ► Extensor hallucis longus ► Fibularis tertius bottom
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Muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg.
Fibularis longus Gastrocnemius Tibialis anterior Fibularis longus Extensor digitorum longus Soleus Extensor hallucis longus Fibularis tertius Superior and inferior extensor retinacula 144
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Muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg.
Superior and inferior extensor retinacula 145
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Muscles of Lateral Compartment of the Leg
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Muscles of Lateral Compartment of the Leg
posterior ► Gastrocnemius ► Soleus ► Fibularis longus ► Extensor digitorum longus ► Tibialis anterior ► Extensor hallucis longus anterior
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Muscles of lateral compartment of the right leg.
Gastrocnemius Soleus Fibularis longus Extensor digitorum longus Tibialis anterior Extensor hallucis longus 148
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Muscles of lateral compartment of the right leg.
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Muscles of Lateral Compartment of the Leg
posterior ► Fibularis brevis ► Flexor hallucis longus anterior
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Muscles of lateral compartment of the right leg.
Fibularis brevis Flexor hallucis longus 151
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Muscles of lateral compartment of the right leg.
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Muscles of Posterior Compartment of the Leg
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Muscles of Posterior Compartment of the Leg
superficial ► Gastrocnemius deeper ► Plantaris ► Popliteus ► Soleus ► Fibularis longus ► Fibularis brevis
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Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg.
Deep Plantaris Superficial Popliteus Gastrocnemius Medial head Lateral head Soleus Fibularis longus Tendon of gastrocnemius Fibularis brevis Calcaneal tendon 155
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Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg.
Deep Superficial 156
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Muscles of Posterior Compartment of the Leg
DEEPEST medial ► Flexor digitorum longus ► Tibialis posterior ► Flexor hallucis longus ► Fibularis longus ► Fibularis brevis lateral
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Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg.
Flexor digitorum longus Tibialis posterior Flexor hallucis longus Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis Calcaneus 158
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Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg.
Calcaneus 159
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THE END
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