1. Section 3 Pedagogy and Practice

2. We know that our society demands schools that produce students with the complex intellectual skills that are needed by the ‘knowledge society,’ …We can no longer accept the unequal student outcomes that have characterized American schools for generations McLaughlin & Talbert, 2006

3. Pedagogy refers to a deliberate attempt to influence how and what knowledge and identities are produced within and among particular sets of social relations… Pedagogy is a concept, which draws attention to the processes through which knowledge is produced. The Dream Keepers; Successful teachers of African American children Gloria Ladson-Billings What does this mean to you?

4. This? When one practices pedagogy, one acts with the intent of creating experiences that will organize and disorganize a variety of understandings of our natural and social world in particular ways… The Dream Keepers; Successful teachers of African American children Gloria Ladson-Billings

5. …at birth there are no substantial differences in the intellectual and cognitive ability of Black and White children. This the question remains, what happens to children during the schooling process that results in such disparity between poor and minority students as compared to their counterparts? Fryer, 2006

6. Historic Perspective Schools have traditionally been places where students are “sorted” into different stations in life. Is that okay today?

7. The paradox of education is precisely this - that as one begins to become conscious one begins to examine the society in which he is being educated. James A. Baldwin

8. Consider this again… Although this may not be intentional… public schools… make available different types of educational experiences and curriculum knowledge to students in different social classes… J. Anyon 1980

9. Stratified Schools Ayon outlines the different types of schools that stratify students’ potential based on their economic status. Executive Elite Schools Middle Class Schools Working Class Schools Affluent Professional Schools

10. Characterized by: – rote memorization – little application of knowledge – little collaboration – focus on management – taught not to question authority Working Class Schools

11. Middle Class Schools Characterized by: – emphasis on getting the correct answer – answers usually found in books or from teacher – little creativity – children’s interest usually not considered -

12. Affluent Professional Schools Characterized by: – creativity celebrated – work carried out independently – students move about as needed – teachers have systems to track individual student progress.

13. Executive Elite Schools Characterized by: – develops intellectual powers – asked to reason – produce intellectual products that are both logically sound and top academic quality – school is designed to help one achieve, excel and prepare for life.

14. Refer to the school/district you created. How do these conditions compare to those in the best schools? What would it take to create these conditions in your school? Executive Elite Schools for All Students