1. Growing Conditions
Factors that a gardener needs to consider to maximise plant growth:
Water
Light – motorised screens, shading
Suitable temperature – greenhouses, polytunnels, cloches, ventilators, fans, fleece
Growing medium (soil, compost etc)
Humidity

2. Photosynthesis
Carbon Dioxide + water Oxygen + glucose

3. Unhealthy Plant Wilting – under watering Pest Damage – aphids, slugs
Poor Growth
Fungal Disease – damping off, potato blight

4. Biological Pest Control
Predator of the pest used to eat the pest
Example: Ladybird is a predator to an aphid
Advantage – No pesticides
Disadvantage – Can change predator-prey relationships, changing the ecosystems

5. K Potassium Mineral Nutrients N Nitrogen P Phosphorus
Too much Nitrogen
Stem grows too tall and thin and crop falls over
Burns the roots

6. N,P,K,Mg
Too much Nitrogen – excess growth, lot of green leaves, not many flowers
Not enough Phosphorous – stunts growth (particularly roots), grow slowly, less resistant to disease or drought
Not enough potassium – edge of leaves yellow/brown, fewer flowers/fruit
Not enough Magnesium – yellow leaves, less healthy, yield lower

7. Fertilisers – absorbed by the roots
Organic Inorganic
adds humus and so improves crumb structure
contains large quantities of known amounts of nutrients
decays slowly so releases nitrogen over a long time
cheap and easy to obtain
releases nutrients quickly
contains other nutrients needed by plants such as magnesium
easy to spread

8. Anther
Stigma
Where the pollen lands
Produces pollen
(male gamete)
Style
Pollen travels down this
Ovule
Egg
(female gamete)
Sepal
Protects the flower in bud
Ovary
Develops into the fruit

9. Cross Pollination
The transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower of the same species
This increases genetic variation so plants are able to adapt to their surroundings

10. Self Pollination
The transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of the same flower.
Advantage
Does not require another plant of the same species near by
Disadvantage
Little genetic variation in offspring

11. Wind Pollinated Plants
Feathery Stigma hanging outside the flower to increase surface area to catch pollen
Anthers hanging outside the flower so wind will blow pollen away
Lots of small, light pollen produced so it can be carried by the wind
Flower small and green and not scented since it does not need to attract insects

12. Insect Pollinated Plants
Brightly coloured, scented flowers to attract insects
Small quantities of large, sticky pollen is produced
Nectar is produced
Anthers and stigma inside flower in the best position for the insect

13. A word of caution
Make sure that there are insects or wind in glass houses and polytunnels

14. Vegetative Reproduction
This is asexual
All offspring are genetically identical to the parents
Growers know what they will produce
If one plant gets a disease they will all get the disease

15. Runners eg. Strawberry plants
An above ground stem

16. Rhizomes eg. Ginger
An underground stem

17. Bulbs eg. Onion
Leaves become swollen with food stores.

18. Cotyledons (Food Store)
Seed Germination
Testa (Seed Coat)
Plumule
Tough, so water is needed to swell the seed and break the testa before the seed can germinate
Young shoot
Radicle
Cotyledons (Food Store)
Young root
Glucose + Oxygen Energy
Enzymes are needed for respiration therefore seeds only germinate in the warmth
Light is not usually needed for germination except in certain seeds such as lettuce

19. Raising Plants from Seed

20. Growing from seed
Thinning out: weak seedlings removed to give others more room
Pricking out: Lift the seedlings out carefully holding their cotyledons (seed leaves) and re-plant in a new tray to allow seedlings to grow well.
Potting on – give seedlings more room to grow

21. light sensors
temperature probes
carbon dioxide sensors
pH meters
humidity sensors

22. All the F1 generation are Red
Red Rose
Phenotype:Red
Genotype: Rr
White Rose
Phenotype: white
Genotype: rr
The allele for red flowers is dominant over the allele for white flowers
All the F1 generation are Red

23. Inheritance of Flower Colour Using A Punnet Square
A red flowered plant was crossed with a white flowered plant. What is the ratio of phenotypes and genotypes in their offspring? R r rr R r r Rr b Rr r b
Percentage Genotypes: 1:1 Rr:rr
Percentage Phenotypes: 1:1 Red : white

24. Single Digging
aerates the soil
removes weeds
improves drainage
FYM can be added to improve crumb structure
raked to produce a good tilth

25. Clay
Water
Humus
Sand
Silt

26. Storing Crops
Ripening
Bruising
Diseases
Pests