1. 1 Plant Reproduction Flower Parts Pollination Fertilization Seed Dispersal Germination

2. 2 Stamen Filament Anther The stamen is the male part of the flower. It consists of two parts, the filament and the anther. The filament holds up the anther. It makes it easier for the flower to be pollinated, be it by animals or the wind. The anther is where the pollen is found. Pollen is the male sex cell (gamete).

3. 3 Carpel Style Stigma The carpel is the female part of the flower. It consists of the stigma, the style and the ovary that contains the ovule. The stigma is where the pollen lands. The style connects the stigma to the ovary.

4. 4 Stamen Anther Filament The stamen is the male part of the flower

5. 5 Carpel Stigma Style Ovary Ovule The carpel is the female part of the flower

6. 6 Sepal The sepal is what protects a flower before it blossoms

7. 7 Lily Ovarium x60

8. 8 Lily Ovarium x200

9. 9 Lily Anther x60

10. 10 Lily Anther x200

11. 11 Parts of a Flower sepal petal stamen anther filament stigma style ovary ovule carpel

12. 12 Key Words Pollination Cross- pollination Self- pollination Fertilization Dispersal Germination When pollen from an anther reaches a stigma When pollen from the anther on one flower reaches the stigma of another plant When pollen from the anther on a flower reaches the stigma of a flower on the same plant When the male gamete (pollen) and the female gamete (ovule) fuse When seeds ‘spread-out’ from the parent plant so they do not have to compete for resources When a seed starts to grow

13. 13 Pollination Pollination is when the male gamete, pollen, is carried from the anther to a stigma, this may or may not be on the same plant. Some flowers are pollinated by animals - like the plant above - others are pollinated by the wind.

14. 14 Self-pollination Self-pollination – when pollen from the anther reaches a carpel upon the same plant

15. 15 Cross-pollination Cross-pollination – when pollen from the anther reaches a carpel upon a different plant

16. 16 Pollination Plants are adapted in several ways to attract birds, insects and bats for pollination. They are brightly coloured; they are scented; they have nectaries that produce the sugary liquid nectar. All of these adaptations increase the likelihood a flower is pollinated.

17. 17 Fertilization A pollen grain lands on the STIGMA. A POLLEN TUBE grows down the STYLE towards the OVARY. The MALE NUCLEUS travels down the pollen tube. There, the male nucleus joins with the OVULE NUCLEUS in the OVARY. This is called FERTILIZATION. From this fertilized ovum a SEED will develop. Pollen Stigma Pollen tube Style Ovary Ovule

18. 18 Pollination & Fertilization

19. 19 Seed Dispersal To aid in seed dispersal, some plants have flowers that when an ovule is fertilized, undergo a change. The walls of the ovary become fleshy and edible. This attracts animals who will eat this fruit containing the seeds. The seeds are them moved away from the parent plant as the animal moves away. Fleshy ovary wall Seeds

20. 20 Seed Dispersal The dandelion is adapted to dispersing its seeds using the wind

21. 21 Seed Dispersal There are many different ways that plants can disperse their seeds. Seeds also come in all shapes and sizes. The coco-de-mer tree, native to forests on the Seychelles Islands in the Indian Ocean, produces the largest seeds in the world.

22. 22 Dispersal Dioon spinulosum, a cycad, produces the largest cones in the world.

23. 23 Germination Germinating mustard seed x60

24. 24 Germination Germination is when a new plant starts to grow from a seed

25. 25 Germination Are there specific conditions required for the germination of a seed to commence?

26. 26 Germination A seed Micropyle Hilum Testa A seed with testa stripped Cotyledons Testa – hard protective covering of the seed Hilum – where the seed was attached to the ovary wall Micropyle – where water can enter the seed Cotyledons – food stores for the seed when it begins to germinate

27. 27 A Germinating Seed A germinating seed Radicle – the first root that emerges from a germinating seed. It will provide the seed with the essential water and nutrients it requires for healthy growth. Radicle Plumule – the first shoot that emerges from a germinating seed. It will begin the process of photosynthesis to provide the new plant with food once the store of food in the cotyledons has been exhausted.

28. 28 Exercise 1: Name the Flower Parts B A C D A. _______B. _________ C. _________ D._________ stigmastyleantherfilament

29. 29 Exercise 2: Parts of a Flower B. _______ C. ______ D. ______ E. ______ What do we call the female part of the flower? Stigma Style Ovary Ovule A. _________ Carpel

30. 30 Exercise 3: Parts of a Flower B. _______ C. _________ What do we call the male part of the flower? Anther Filament A. _________ Stamen

31. 31 Exercise 4: Parts of a Flower 1. ______ 2. ______ 4. ______ 3. ________ 5. ______ 6. _____ 7. _____ 8. _____ anther filament sepal petal stigma style ovary ovule

32. 32 Exercise 5: Link the Boxes Pollination Cross- pollination Self- pollination When pollen from the anther on one plant reaches the stigma of another plant When pollen from the anther on a flower reaches the stigma of a flower on the same plant When pollen from an anther reaches a stigma

33. 33 Exercise 6: Link the Boxes Fertilization Dispersal Germination When the male gamete (pollen) and the female gamete (ovule) fuse When seeds ‘spread-out’ from the parent plant so they do not have to compete for resources When a seed starts to grow

34. 34 Exercise 7: Short Questions 1.What do we call the male part of a flower? 2.What do we call the female part of the flower? 3.What is the sepal? 4. What holds the anther up? 5. What holds the stigma up? 6. What is pollination? Stamen Carpel The remains of the leaves that protected the flower before it blossomed The filament The style When pollen from an anther reaches a stigma

35. 35 Exercise 8: Short Questions 1.What is the testa? 2.What substance can enter through the micropyle? 3.What is the hilum? 4. In what form is food usually stored in the cotyledons? 5. What do we call the first root from a germinating seed? 6. What do we call the first shoot from a germinating seed? The hard outer covering that protects a seed Water Where the seed was attached to the ovary wall Starch The radicle The plumule

36. 36 Exercise 9: Seed Dispersal Suggest how each of the following are dispersed

37. 37 Exercise 10: Seed Dispersal Suggest how each of the following are dispersed

38. 38 Exercise 11: Link the Boxes Testa Micropyle Cotyledons Small hole that can allow water to enter the seed Food store, usually starch, to help the seed to germinate before it can photosynthesise Hard, protective outer covering of seed

39. 39 Exercise 12: Link the Boxes Radicle Plumule Germination The first root a germinating seed produces The first shoot a germinating seed produces When a seed starts to grow

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