1. Bones of the Face External (landmark) Bones of the Face
Incisive (2)
Lacrimal (2)
Mandible (1 or 2)
Maxillary (2)
Nasal (2)
Zygomatic (2)
Internal (hidden) Bones of the Face
Palantine (2)
Pterygoid (2)
Turbinates (4)
Vomer (1)

2. External Bones of the Face
Incisive:
Also called pre__________ bones
Most ___________ skull bones
In common domestic animals, this bone houses upper incisor teeth. (Ruminants have a dental pad instead)
Nasal:
Forms the _________ of the nose.
Length depends on the animal.

3. External Bones of the Face
Maxillary
Form the ________ jaw with incisive bone
House all teeth besides incisors
Forms rostral part of ________ palate
contains maxillary sinus
Lacrimal
Two bones that form medial portion of the ________ of the eye.
Contains lacrimal sac which is part of tear system.

4. External Bones of the Face
Zygomatic
aka malar bones
form portion of orbit
join with temporal bone to form zygomatic ______
Mandible
lower jaw
houses all lower teeth
only __________ skull bone
forms TMJ with temporal bone
2 bones come together at mandibular ________________
fused into one bone in horses and swine
2 parts: ramus and shaft
Ramus = caudal, vertical part
Shaft = contains teeth, horizontal part

5. Internal Bones of the Face
Make up caudal part of _____ palate
Support part of the lateral walls of the ________ (throat).
____________________Bone:
Forms part of nasal septum (midline wall between left and right nasal passages).
_____________________:
Also called nasal conchae.
Thin and scroll-like that fill most of nasal cavity space.

6. Hyoid Bone Also called hyoid _____________
Supports base of tongue, the pharynx, and the larynx and assists in swallowing.
Composed of several parts that are united by cartilage.

7. Spinal Column (aka vertebral column)
Vertebrae that extend from skull to tip of tail.
Divided into 5 sections:
Cervical (neck, C)
Thoracic (chest, T)
Lumbar (abdomen, L)
Sacral (pelvis, S)
Coccygeal (tail, Cy)
Refer to vertebrae by letter designation and number designation.
Spinal Column (aka vertebral column)

9. VERTEBRAE CHARACTERISTICS
Body
The main, ventral portion of the bone.
Separated from other vertebrae by intervertebral ________ of _________ cartilage.
Arch
dorsal to body
helps to make up _______ ________ which allows passage of the spinal cord.
VERTEBRAE CHARACTERISTICS

10. VERTEBRAE CHARACTERISTICS
Transverse Processes
Two processes that project laterally
Site of muscle attachment.
Articular Processes
On cranial and caudal ends of vertebrae, form intervertebral joint
Spinous Processes
Single and projects dorsally

11. Cervical Vertebrae Neck region
______ vertebrae in all domestic animals
_________ is C1
Holds up head.
Has ________ that can be palpated
Has no vertebral body, just is a ring which spinal cord passes through.
________ is C2
Has large blade-like spinous process and a ______ that fits into atlas

12. Thoracic Vertebrae Lumbar Vertebrae Chest region
Have tall __________ processes.
Number of vertebrae = number pairs of _______
Have articular facets which communicate with the ribs.
Dorsal to abdominal region.
Most massive-looking bones in spinal column.
Bodies are large and bulky
Prominent cranial-directed ___________ processes
Lumbar Vertebrae

13. Sacral Vertebrae Coccygeal Vertebrae
3 - 5 vertebrae fused together to form one single, solid structure.
Called the _________.
Joins pelvis via sacroiliac joint.
Coccygeal Vertebrae
Bones of the tail.
Cranial vertebrae have arches, bodies and processes, caudal vertebrae are rods of bone
In humans fuse into coccyx.

14. Ribs Flat bones that form the lateral walls of the thorax.
Usually the number of ribs is equal to the number of thoracic vertebrae.
Dorsal ends form moveable joints which is allows lungs to expand.
Term for rib is ____________.
____________ ribs aka “true ribs” attach to sternum
____________ ribs aka “false ribs”make up caudal part of thorax.
Unattached ribs are called ____________ ribs.
Ribs

15. STERNUM Breastbone Made up of sternebrae.
Most cranial sternebrae is _________________
Most caudal sternebrae is called _____________ process.