1. CULTURAL VALUES Universals versus Cultural Specifics

2. Values are… “a broad tendency to prefer certain states of affairs over others.” (Hofstede, 1980, p. 19) * Values are what you wish and what is important to you. * Values are essential for the concept of our self. Cultural values … represent explicit and implicit shared ideas about what is good, correct and desirable within a group of people.

3. Questions to ask Which values are universal? Which values are only shared by a group of people? Do people share the same basic value orientations? Do different environmental conditions produce different values? Does this mean that these fundamentals of human behavior cannot be compared across cultures? ? ? ? ? ? ?

4. Kluckhohn and Strodtbecks (1961) Fundamental Value Orientations * Human nature (good, bad or neither as well as mutable or unmutable) * Relation to nature (mastery, harmony subordination) * Time orientation (past, present or future) * Activity (being, doing or becoming) * Relations among human beings (lineal, collateral or individualist)

5. Schwartz’ Seven Value Types Issue 1: Relation between the individual and group * Conservatism * Intellectual Autonomy * Affective Autonomy Issue 2: Preservation of social structure * Hierarchy * Egalitarianism Issue 3: Relation between natural and social world * Mastery * Harmony

8. Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) 1.General characteristics 2.Food and clothing 3.Housing and technology 4.Economy and transport 5.Individual and family activities 6.Community and government 7.Welfare, religion and science 8.Sex and life cycle

9. BERRY & GEORGAS (1995) Eco-cultural: temperature, terrain, water supply, soil conditions Socio-political: economic, political and judicial, religion, education