1. Chapter 16 School Effectiveness and Reform in the United States Viewing recommendations for Windows: Use the Arial TrueType font and set your screen area to at least 800 by 600 pixels with Colors set to Hi Color (16 bit). Viewing recommendations for Macintosh: Use the Arial TrueType font and set your monitor resolution to at least 800 by 600 pixels with Color Depth set to thousands of colors

2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company16–2 Elements of Effective Teaching Efficient Classroom Management High Time-on-Task Effective Questioning Use of Direct Instruction and Explicit Teaching Explicit Comprehension Instruction and Strategic Teaching Cognitive Instruction for Low-Achieving Students

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company16–3 Characteristics of Effective Schools Safe and Orderly Environment Clear School Mission Instructional Leadership Climate of High Expectations High Time-on-Task Frequent Monitoring of Student Progress Positive Home-School Relations Curriculum Alignment

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company16–4 Keys to Implementing Effective Reform - Part 1 Focus at the level of individual schools Adapt to solve problems with reform efforts as they occur Choose programs that the school is able to implement Strive for agreement and involvement on the effort from leaders and teachers

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company16–5 Keys to Implementing Effective Reform - Part 2 Train teachers and staff to use new methods effectively Ensure that reform efforts are coherent in the context of the rest of the school or curriculum Support professional community among teachers and staff

6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company16–6 Concerns About Educational Technology Reforms Using computers for low-level cognitive tasks Little research evidence of student improvement Reduced student attention span, creativity, connection with reality High potential for students to waste time

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company16–7 Concerns About Educational Technology Reforms (Cont’d) High potential for students to waste time Insufficient training and support for teachers Budgeting for computers, upgrades and training, compared to other school priorities Gender and economic equity

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company16–8 School Choice Plans Within a Single Public-School District Magnet Schools Alternative Schools Open Enrollment Between Public- School Districts Comprehensive or Statewide Open Enrollment Outside Public Schools Tax Credits for Private School Tuition Publicly-Funded Vouchers to Pay Private-School Tuition