1. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2005, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. CHAPTER 3 Life Span Considerations

2. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2005, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Life Span Considerations  Pregnancy  Breast-feeding  Neonatal and Pediatric  Elderly

3. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2005, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Pregnancy  First trimester is the period of greatest danger for drug-induced developmental defects  Drugs cross the placenta by diffusion  During the last trimester the greatest percentage of maternally absorbed drug gets to the fetus  FDA pregnancy safety categories

4. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2005, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

5. Breast-feeding  Breast-fed infants are at risk for exposure to drugs consumed by the mother  Consider risk-to-benefit ratio

6. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2005, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

7. Neonatal and Pediatric Considerations: Pharmacokinetics  Absorption  Gastric pH less acidic  Gastric emptying is slowed  Intramuscular absorption faster and irregular

8. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2005, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Neonatal and Pediatric Considerations: Pharmacokinetics (cont’d)  Distribution  The younger the person, the greater the % of total body water  Greater TBW means fat content is lower  Decreased level of protein binding  Immature blood-brain barrier—more drugs enter the brain

9. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2005, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Neonatal and Pediatric Considerations: Pharmacokinetics (cont’d)  Metabolism  Liver immature, does not produce enough microsomal enzymes  Older children may have increased metabolism, requiring higher doses than infants  Other factors

10. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2005, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Neonatal and Pediatric Considerations: Pharmacokinetics (cont’d)  Excretion  Kidney immaturity affects glomerular filtration rate and tubular secretion  Decreased perfusion rate of the kidneys may reduce excretion of drugs

11. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2005, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Factors Affecting Pediatric Drug Dosages  Skin is thin and permeable  Stomach lacks acid to kill bacteria  Lungs have weaker mucus barriers  Body temperatures less well regulated and dehydration occurs easily  Liver and kidneys are immature, impairing drug metabolism and excretion

12. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2005, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Methods of Dosage Calculation for Pediatric Patients  Body surface area method  Using the West nomogram  Body weight dosage calculations  Using mg/kg

13. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2005, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

14. Pediatric Considerations: Medication Administration  General interventions  Infants  Toddlers  Preschoolers  School-aged children  Adolescents

15. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2005, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. The Elderly  Elderly: older than age 65  Healthy People 2010: older than age 55  Use of OTC medications  Increased incidence of chronic illnesses  Polypharmacy

16. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2005, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Physiologic Changes in the Elderly Patient  Cardiovascular  Gastrointestinal  Hepatic  Renal

17. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2005, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

18. The Elderly: Pharmacokinetics The Elderly: Pharmacokinetics  Absorption  Gastric pH less acidic  Slowed gastric emptying  Movement through GI tract slower  Reduced blood flow to the GI tract  Reduced absorptive surface area due to flattened intestinal villi

19. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2005, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. The Elderly: Pharmacokinetics (cont’d)  Distribution  TBW percentages lower  Fat content increased  Decreased production of proteins by the liver, resulting in decreased protein binding of drugs (and increased circulation of free drugs)

20. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2005, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. The Elderly: Pharmacokinetics (cont’d)  Metabolism  Aging liver produces fewer microsomal enzymes, affecting drug metabolism  Reduced blood flow to the liver

21. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2005, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. The Elderly: Pharmacokinetics (cont’d)  Excretion  Decreased glomerular filtration rate  Decreased number of intact nephrons

22. Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2005, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. The Elderly: Problematic Medications  Analgesics, including NSAIDs  Anticoagulants  Anticholinergics  Antidepressants  Antihypertensives  Cardiac glycosides (digoxin)  Sedatives and hypnotics  Thiazide diuretics