1. Project Overview and the Planetary Conditions of Mars Scott P. Milroy, Ph.D. USM Department of Marine Science 29-31 October 2012 Pioneering Mars: Turning the Red Planet Green BAKER ST STAN

2. Pioneering Mars Project Overview Julie Cwikla, Ph.D. Professor & Director of CISSTEM University of South Alabama Scott Milroy, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Marine Science University of Southern Mississippi

3. Pioneering Mars Project Overview

4. Pioneering Mars Project Overview

5. Pioneering Mars Project Overview

6. Pioneering Mars Project Overview

7. Planetary Conditions Earth-Mars Comparisons

8. EARTH MARS Mean Diameter7,926 miles4,222 miles (53.3% Earth Diameter) Mean Surface Gravity9.8 m/s 2 3.675 m/s 2 (0.375 G) Mean Distance to Sun92,955,820 miles142,633,260 miles (1.53 AU) Mean Solar Irradiance1350 W/m 2 590 W/m 2 (43.7% Earth Insolation) Length of Year365.25 days687 Earth days (1.88 Earth years) Length of Day23.9 hours24.6 hours Planetary Conditions Earth-Mars Comparisons

9. EARTH MARS Mean Atm. Pressure1,013 millibars7.5 millibars (4 – 10 millibars) Atmospheric CompositionN 2 (77%)CO 2 (95.3%) O 2 (21%)N 2 (2.7%) Ar (1%)Ar (1.6%) CO 2 (0.038%)O 2 (0.13%) Partial Pressure CO 2 :0.38 mb CO 2 7.15 mb CO 2 (18.8X Earth CO 2 ) Surface Temperatures:-89 ⁰ C min (-128 ⁰ F)-87 ⁰ C min (-125 ⁰ F) 58 ⁰ C max (136 ⁰ F) 20 ⁰ C max (68 ⁰ F) Planetary Conditions Earth-Mars Comparisons

10. Phase Diagram for Water The Triple Point of H 2 O

11. Phase Diagram for Water The Triple Point of H 2 O Critical Experimental Range Temperature: 0.1 – 8 ⁰ C Pressure: 6.2 – 10 mbar

12. Why Antarctic Cyanobacteria? Picking Our Pioneers Can Survive Freeze/Thaw Cycles High Photosynthesis in Low Light Rapid Growth in Extreme Conditions Thought to be Earth’s First Terraformers