1. Digestion Overview Ch8

2. Liver The liver has several important functions The term for liver is ? The liver removes excess glucose also known as blood sugar from the bloodstream and stores is as glycogen. When the blood sugar level is low, the liver converts glycogen back into glucose and releases it for use by your body

3. Liver The liver destroys old erythrocytes, removes poisons from the blood and manufactures some blood protiens Bilirubin is produced from destruction of hemoglobin, and is released by the liver in bile The liver secretes bile, which is a digestive juice containing enzymes that break down fat.

4. Structures of the digestive system Major structures: Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus Accessory organs Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

5. The digestive system is also known as the : Alimentary canal Aliment: means to nourish Ary: means pertaining to

7. Oral Cavity Major structures of the oral cavity Lips, hard and soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, and the periodontium

8. Oral Cavity The palate Soft palate: has the important role of closing off the nasal passage during swallowing so food does not move upward into the nasal cavity The uvula Hangs from the free edge of the soft palate, helps in producing sounds and speech

9. Oral Cavity The tongue Very strong and flexible, aids in speech and moves food during chewing and swallowing Upper surface of the tongue has a tough protective covering and contains taste buds The underside of the tongue is highly vascular(means contains many blood vessels) and covered with delicate tissue; because it is highly vascular it makes it possible for medications placed under the tongue to be quickly involved in to the bloodstream. Abbreviation for the type of medicines that can go under the tongue =SL

10. Oral Cavity The Salivary glands The salivary glands secrete saliva that moistens food, begins the digestive process and cleanses the mouth There are three pairs of salivary glands: parotid glands located on the face in front of and slightly lower than each ear, sublingual glands located on the underside of the tongue, and submandibular glands located on the floor of the mouth

12. The pharynx Also known as the throat During swallowing food is prevented from moving from the pharynx into the lungs by the epiglottis, which closes off the entrance to the trachea. This closing allows food to move safely into the esophagus

13. The esophagus The esophagus is a collapsible tube that leads from the pharynx to the stomach. The lower esophageal sphincter also known as the cardiac sphincter is a ring like muscle that controls the flow between the esophagus and the stomach.

14. The stomach Rugae are the folds in mucosa lining the stomach. Glands within these folds produce the gastric juices that in digestion The pylorus is the narrow passage connecting the stomach with the small intestine The pyloric sphincter is the muscle ring that controls the flow from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine

16. The small intestine The small intestine extends from the pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine. In the small intestine nutrients from food are absorbed into the bloodstream The small intestine is a coiled organ up to 20 feet in length It is only known as small intestine because it is smaller in diameter than the large intestine

17. The small intestine Consist of 3 parts: 1.Duodenum: first portion 2.Jejunum: middle portion 3.Ileum: last portion The ileocecal sphincter controls the flow from the ileum of the small intestine into the cecum of the large intestine The ileocecal sphincter controls the flow from the ileum of the small intestine into the cecum of the large intestine

18. The large intestine The large intestine extends from the end of the small intestine to the anus. The waste products of digestion are processed in the large intestine and then excreted through the anus The major parts of the large intestine are the cecum, colon, rectum and anus The cecum extends from the end of the ileum to the beginning of the colon The appendix hangs from the lower portion of the cecum. The appendix serves no known function in the digestive system

19. The large intestine The colon is subdivided into 4 parts 1. ascending colon=travels upward from cecum to liver 2. transverse colon=passes horizontally from right to left toward the spleen 3. descending colon=travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon 4. sigmoid colon=S shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins with rectum below

21. The large intestine Rectum Last division of the large intestine, ends at the anus Anus Lower opening of the digestive tract. Waste flows through the anus and comes out as feces