1. CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS Biology RiverDell High School C. Militano Introduction (why, what, how) History of Classification Systems and Nomenclature

2. I. Introduction A. Why are organisms classified? 1. show relationships between organisms 2. organize information about organisms 3. provide information for research 4. allow for universal naming system

3. I. Introduction B. What criteria are used? 1. Structure (morphology & anatomy) 2. embryology 3. biochemistry (DNA, RNA, proteins) 4. chromosome number and structure 5. geographic distribution or habitat 6. life processes and behavior a. nutrition, locomotion, reproduction

4. I. Introduction C. How are organisms named? 1. person who discovered the organism 2. habitat in which organism is found 3. biochemistry 4. appearance

5. II. History of classification A. Aristotle and Theophrastus Aristotle – classified animals by their habitat (land, water, air) Theophrastus – classified plants by stem structure (soft stems – grasses and herbaceous, many woody stems, one woody stem) 1. classified over 500 organisms

6. II. History of Classification B. Ray ( mid 1600’s – English) 1. classified 18,000 plants & animals 2. used the term species C. Linnaeus ( 1707-1778 – Swedish) 1. Systema Naturae (1735) a. classification based on morphology

7. Caroli Linnaei Systema Natvrae

8. II. History of Classification C. Linnaeus 2. Seven levels of classification Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order Family, Genus, Species (varieties in plants and subspecies in animals) * King Philip came over from Genoa singing

9. Kingdom is the most general Species is the most specific

10. Classes of Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata

11. II. History of Classification C. Linnaeus 3. Binomial Nomenclature a. Genus name and species name 1) both are underlined or italicized 2) Genus is capitalized b. ex. Homo sapiens, Panthera leo *species – similar organisms that interbreed -produce fertile offsping

13. III.Classification Systems and Nomenclature A. Systematics 1.based on evolution(uses phylogenetic trees to show relationships) 2. criteria used to classify organisms a. fossil records b. homologous structures

14. III.Classification Systems and Nomenclature A. Systematics c. patterns in embryo development d. chromosomes (numbers and banding) e. macromolecules (RNA, DNA, proteins)

15. Phylogenetic Tree

17. Plants-Phylogenetic Tree

18. Order Carnivora – Phylogenetic Tree

19. Phylogenetic Tree With Common Ancestor

20. III. Classification System B. Cladistics 1. more recent system of classification 2. based on derived characters a. common features that have evolved recently b. examples – feathers, scales, hair 3. cladogram – ancestry diagram made by cladistic analysis

21. Cladogram –Evolution of Vertebrates

22. Cladogram

23. III.Classification Systems and Nomenclature C. Kingdoms 1. Archaebacteria 2. Eubacteria 3. Protists 4. Plantae 5. Fungi 6. Animalia

25. III. Classification Nomenclature D. Domains 1. Carl Woese – University of Illinois 2. based on R-RNA similarities 3. three domains a. Domain Archae (prokaryotes) b. Domain Bacteria (prokaryotes) c. Domain Eukarya (eukaryotes) [Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia]

26. The Three Domains

27. Six Kingdoms and Three Domains

28. Will The Evolution of Organisms Ever Reach A Final Destination ?