1. Chapter 18
Classification

2. based on their characteristics.
Classification
Grouping organisms
based on their characteristics.
Done to make
organisms easier to
study and understand.

3. Biological Hierarchy of Classification

4. Classification of
Modern Humans

5. Evolutionary Relationships of Plants

6. Comparing Vertebrate Embryo Development

7. Cladogram of Seven Vertebrates

8. Six Kingdoms of Life

9. Two Kingdoms of Prokaryotes

10. Genus Name
The genus name is written first.
The genus name is always underlined or italicized, never both.
The first letter of the genus name is always capitalized.
Example: Dermochelys or Dermochelys
Species Name
The specific epithet is written second.
The specific epithet is always underlined or italicized.
The first letter of the specific epithet name is never capitalized.
Example: coriacea or coriacea
Scientific Name
The scientific name of this animal would appear as follows:
Dermochelys coriacea or Dermochelys coriacea

13. Bird Phylogeny and
DNA Sequencing

14. Comparing the Hemoglobin
Gene Among Species

19. Taxonomy
The branch of Biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.
First done by Aristotle more than 2000 years ago.
Plant or Animal groupings

20. C a r o l u s L i n n a e u s
A Swedish naturalist in the Mid 1700s.
The Father of our modern system of classification.

21. Kingdom:  Animalia      Phylum:   Chordata           Subphylum:   Vertebrata                Class:   Mammalia                     Subclass:   Theria                          Infraclass:   Eutheria                               Order:   Primates                                    Suborder:  Anthropoidea                                         Superfamily:   Hominoidea                                              Family:   Hominidae                                                   Genus:   Homo                                                        Species:   sapiens

23. The Tree of Life project is a Phylogenetic Tree, a family tree of all life on Earth as we know it.

24. Family tree of Killer Whales

25. Assumptions of Phylogeny
1. Animals having similar developmental stages have a similar evolution - common ancestor.
Early stage embryos are very similar between animals

27. Cladogram

28. K i n g d o m s o f O r g a n i s m s

29. Old five kingdom version

30. New six kingdom version

31. T h e K i n g d o m s M o n e r a P r o t i s t a F u n g i
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
P r o t i s t a
F u n g i
P l a n t a e
A n i m a l i a

32. M o n e r a: Archaebacteria & Eubacteria
Single cell organisms.
Prokaryotic cells
“Bacteria”

33. Archaebacteria ~ 3 billion years old Archae = ancient
You can find them in places where most organisms could not survive
High temps
Very sulfuric

34. Eubacteria The “other” kinds of bacteria
Live in soil, water, and even on and inside the human body!
Ex. Escherichia coli
Eubacteria

35. P r o t i s t a
Single cells or colony.
Eukaryotic cells.
“Algae”

36. F u n g i Single cell, colony, or multicellular organisms
Eukaryotic cells
All are heterotrophic
“Mushrooms”

37. Classification of Fungi

38. P l a n t a e Multicellular organisms. Autotrophic
“Mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants”

39. Six Divisions of Algae

40. A n i m a l i a Multicellular organisms Heterotrophic
“Sponges to Humans”
A n i m a l i a

41. Three Domain System

43. Tree of Life
Tree of Life Homepage

44. Trait
Lobe-finned fish
Frog
Turtle
Kangaroo
Mouse
Human
Dorsal Nerve Cord
Yes
Legs No
Nature of egg
Requires water
Hard shell prevents drying
Develops inside the mother
Nature of develop-ment
In egg
Marsupial
Placental
Hair
Reduced
Pouch
Bid-pedal posture

45. T y p e s o f p h y l o g e n e t i c t r e e s
M o n o p h y l e t i c
P o l y p h y l e t i c
P a r a p h y l e t i c

46. M o n o p h y l e t i c
A group including a given ancestral form and all of its descendant species.

47. P o l y p h y l e t i c
A group including the descendants of more than one ancestral form.

48. P a r a p h y l e t i c
A group including the ancestral form and some of its descendants.