1. Protozoa
Trypanosomes

2. Trypanosome

3. Trypanosomes Different Developmental Forms

4. Trypanosoma brucei Sub-species T. brucei brucei
Nagana disease
Wild ruminants, livestock, dogs
T. brucei gambiense, T. brucei rhodesiense
African Sleeping Sickness in humans

5. Tsetse Fly Genus Glossina
Vector for Trypanosoma brucei

6. Glossina Distribution

7. T. brucei

8. T. brucei rhodesiense in blood

9. T. brucei rhodesiense in brain

10. T. brucei rhodesiense in brain

11. VAT – Variant Antigenic Types
At least 101 different variants identified
Antigen switching
Variant specific cell surface protein
VSG – variant-specific surface glycoprotein
Covers organism
~1,000 genes

12. Prevention
Insecticides, DDT
Trypanosome tolerant livestock

13. Trypanosoma cruzi
Chagas disease in humans

14. Reduviid Bug
Vector for Trypanosoma cruzi

15. Chagas Vector Distribution

17. Trypanosoma cruzi pseudocyst Cardiac Muscle

18. Trypanosoma equiperdum
Similar to T. brucei
Venereal disease Dourine
No arthropod host
Africa, Asia, Southern and Eastern Europe, Russia, Mexico
Eradicated from US and Western Europe
Extermination of infected horses
All horses entering US are tested

19. Other Trypanosoma Species
T. rangeli
South America
Dogs, cats, humans
Not pathogenic
No intracellular stage
Reduviid bug vector
T. avium
Birds

20. Leishmania Heteroxenous Promastigote  sandfly (Phlebotomus) gut
Amastigotes  vertebrate cells
Live inside macrophage phagolysosomes

21. Leishmania Amastigotes
Intra and extra cellular
Replication is within immune cells in skin
Can spread to other immune cells

22. Major Species L. tropica, L. major L. dononani Cutaneous ulcers
Kala-azar disease
Enlarged liver and spleen
Treatment often successful
Antimony compounds

23. Sandfly Genus Phlebotomus
Vector for Leishmania
Disease Leishmaniasis

24. Distribution of Leishmaniasis